Cognitive Abilities and Intelligence
Ability
Ability refers to the relatively stable
capabilities people have to perform a
particular range of different but related
activities.
Ability is relatively stable.
Abilities are a function of both genes and the
environment.
Cognitive Ability
Cognitive abilities are capabilities related to the
acquisition and application of knowledge in
problem solving.
Verbal ability refers to various capabilities
associated with understanding and expressing oral
and written communication.
Oral comprehension is the ability to understand spoken
words and sentences.
Cognitive Ability, Contd
Verbal ability, continued
Written comprehension is the ability to understand
written words and sentences.
Oral expression refers to the ability to communicate
ideas by speaking.
Written expression refers to the ability to
communicate ideas in writing.
Generally speaking, verbal abilities are most
important in jobs in which effectiveness
depends on understanding and communicating
ideas and information to others.
Cognitive Ability, Contd
Quantitative ability refers to two types of
mathematical capabilities.
Number facility is the capability to do simple
math operations (adding, subtracting,
multiplying, and dividing).
Mathematical reasoning refers to the ability to
choose and apply formulas to solve problems
that involve numbers.
Cognitive Ability, Contd
Reasoning ability is actually a diverse set of
abilities associated with sensing and solving
problems using insight, rules, and logic.
Problem sensitivity is the ability to sense that theres a
problem right now or likely will be one.
Deductive reasoning refers to the use of general rules to
solve problems.
Inductive reasoning refers to the ability to consider
several specific pieces of information and then reach a
more general conclusion regarding how those pieces are
related.
Originality refers to the ability to develop clever and
novel ways to solve problems.
Cognitive Ability, Contd
Spatial ability refers to the capabilities
associated with visual and mental
representation and manipulations of objects in
space.
Spatial orientation refers to having a good
understanding of where one is relative to other
things in the environment.
Visualization is the ability to imagine how
separate things will look if they were put together
in a particular way.
Cognitive Ability, Contd
Perceptual abilities generally refer to being
able to perceive, understand, and recall
patterns of information.
Speed and flexibility of closure refers to being
able to pick out a pattern of information quickly
in the presence of distracting information, even
without all the information present.
Perceptual speed refers to being able to examine
and compare numbers, letters, and objects
quickly.
Table 10-1
Types and Facets of Cognitive Ability
Definition of Intelligence
Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity
of the individual to act purposefully, to think
rationally, and to deal effectively with his
environment.
-Weshler
Mesurement of Adult Intelligence. 1939
Components of Intelligence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Understand complex ideas
Adapt to the environment
Learn from experience
Ability to reason
Problem solving skills
Theories of Intelligence
Early Theories of Intelligence
Charles Spearman
Believed intelligence is general
People who are bright in one area are usually
bright in other areas as well
L. L. Thurstone
Believed that intelligence is made up of seven
distinct, independent abilities
Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability,
verbal meaning, memory, word fluency, and reasoning
Early Theories of Intelligence
R. B. Cattell
Identified two clusters of mental abilities
Crystallized intelligence includes abilities such as
reasoning and verbal skills
Fluid intelligence includes skills such as spatial and
visual imagery, rote memory, and the ability to notice
visual details
While education can increase crystallized
intelligence, it was not thought to have any effect
on fluid intelligence
Contemporary Theories of Intelligence
Howard Gardners theory of multiple
intelligences
Logical-mathematical
Linguistic
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Gardners Theory of Intelligence
*Verbal/ Linguistic
*Visual/ Spatial
*Interpersonal
*Musical/ Rhythmic
*Logical/ Mathematical
*Intrapersonal
*Bodily/ Kinesthetic
The theory of multiple intelligences has
encouraged the idea that a person is not born
with all the intelligence they will ever possess.
In the rest this slide show, each of the
intelligences will be explained to give you a
better understanding of Howard Gardners
theory.
Linguistic Intelligence
Intelligence
~*Linguistic Intelligence*~
Gardner's Definition:
Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart) is the capacity to use language, your native language,
and perhaps other languages, to express what's on your mind and to understand other
people.
Criteria Used for Linguistic Intelligence
Can understand words and manipulate the structure of language
Has highly developed communication skills including writing, speaking, and story-telling
Knows and correctly uses rules of grammar
Enjoys reading, writing, and speaking
Has a large vocabulary
This person learns best by:
Saying, hearing, and seeing words
Writing
Talking
Reading
These people would do well in these careers.
Author
Typist
Journalist
Novelist
Poet
Comedian
Playwright
Politician
Radio Announcer
Actor
Speech Pathologist
(one who interprets)
Activities These People Would Enjoy
Book reporting
Telling jokes
Writing words
Reading
Journal writing
Speaking
Letter writing
Storytelling
Discussing
Creative writing
Debating
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
Logical-mathematical intelligence is the
capacity to use numbers effectively and reason
well. Someone who has this kind of
intelligence is able to see cause and effect really
well; also, they are able to identify a problem
and solve it right there on the spot. People with
this intelligence think by reasoning, and they
love experimenting, questioning, figuring out
logical puzzles, and calculating.
What kinds of processes are used in the
logical-mathematical intelligence sequence?
Categorization
Classification
Inference
Generalization
Calculation
Hypothesis testing
Accountant
Careers
Economist
Auditor
Legal Assistant
Banker
Mathematician
Bookkeeper
Purchasing Agent
Businessperson
Science Researcher
Computer Analyst
Science Teacher
Computer Programmer
Statistician
Doctor
Technician
Spatial
Intelligenc
e
What is spatial intelligence?
Spatial intelligence is the brains
ability to perceive and interpret visual
stimuli. In other words, its how our
minds process what we see. Although
not very recognized, spatial
intelligence is very important in the
arts and in everyday life.
Possible Careers
Advertising Agent
Architect
Cartographer(Map
Maker)
Drafter
Engineer
Fine Artist
Graphic Designer
Fashion Designer
Interior Designer
Inventor
Painter
Photographer
Pilot
Sculptor
Surveyor
Urban Planner
What is Bodily-Kinesthetic
Intelligence?
It is expertise in using ones whole body to
express ideas and feelings.
Examples: acting, dancing, sports, and using body
language
It is the ability to use ones hands to produce or
transform things.
Examples: sculpting clay and hands-on learning
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
Thinking through physical sensations
Need
Love
Dancing
Running
Jumping
Building
Touching
Gesturing
Role play
Drama
Movement
Things to build
Sports and physical
games
Tactile (touchable)
experiences
Hands-on learning
Possible Career Choices
Actor
Athlete
Carpenter
Choreographer (creates
and arranges dances)
Craftsman
Dancer
Farmer
Forest Ranger
Inventor
Jeweler
Mechanic
Mime
P.E. Teacher
Physical Therapist
Recreational Director
Actress
What is Musical
Intelligence?
Being musically
intelligent means that you
are able to distinguish the
sounds around you and
that you have the ability to
make your own melodies.
Even if you are only
singing a song or making
music, you are using your
musical intelligence!
If you are musically
intelligent, you are able
to:
Perceive
Discriminate
Transform
Express
All kinds of musical forms
Types of Musical Intelligence
Figural
This means that you
are very intuitive about
the nature of music and
its creation.
and
Formal
This means that you
analytic and technical
about music and its
creation.
*Anyone can have either both or one of these forms *
Careers
This will give you just a taste for the jobs
Song Writer available inthis
Advertising
Agent
growing field.
Performing Musician Conductor
Film/Instrument
Piano Turner
Maker
Singer
Musical Theater Actor/ Composer
Music Teacher
Actress
Sound Engineer
Studio Engineer
Instrument Manager Music Therapist
Interpersonal
Intelligence
Interpersonal Intelligence
Gardner's Definition:
Interpersonal intelligence, (people smart), is
understanding other people. Its an ability we
all need, but is at a premium if you are a
teacher, clinician, salesperson, or a politician.
Anybody who deals with other people has to be
skilled in the interpersonal intelligence.
Interpersonally intelligent
people enjoy:
Understanding other's feelings
Person-to-person communication
Cooperative learning strategies
Receiving feedback
Group projects
Teaching someone else something new
Learning from someone outside of school
Acting in a play or simulation
Conducting an interview
Sensing others motives
Creating group rules
Giving feedback to the teacher or to classmates
Interpersonal Careers
Administrator
Anthropologist
Counselor
Manager
Nurse
Personnel Director
Politician
Public Relations
Salesperson
School Principal
Sociologist
Therapist
Teacher
Travel Agent
Religious Leader
Psychologist
What is intrapersonal intelligence?
Intrapersonal intelligence is self-knowledge and the
ability to act adaptively on the basis of that
knowledge. This intelligence includes having an
accurate picture of oneself (ones strengths and
weaknesses); awareness of inner moods, intentions,
motivations, temperaments, and desires; and the
capacity for self-discipline, self-understanding, and
self-esteem. Essentially, its how well you know
yourself.
Program planner
Psychiatrist
Psychology Teacher
Philosopher
Researcher
Spiritual Counselor
Psychologist
Alfred Binet (1857 - 1911)
Identify children who could not profit from
normal public school instruction
Mental Age
If majority of children of a given age can
complete a task, the task requires that mental
age
Felix, MA = 8, CA = 8, MA/CA = 8/8 = 1
Xena, MA = 10, CA = 8, 10/8 = 1.25
Boris, MA = 6, CA = 8, 6/8 = 0.75
IQ = (MA/CA) * 100
Tests of Intelligence
Standford-Binet
Binet-Simon Scale
IQ
Ages 2-23
Four Subscales
Verbal
Abstract/Visual
Quantitative
STM
Weschler Scales
WAIS-R (Adult)
WISC-III (5-16)
WPPSI (3-7)
Two Subscales
Verbal
Performance
Other Tests: Raven Matrices, K-ABC
Distribution of Intelligence
IQ Range
130 and above
120 - 129
110 - 119
90 - 109
80 - 89
70 - 79
69 and below
Label
Very Superior
Superior
High Average
Average
Low Average
Borderline
Mental
Retardation
Percent
2.5%
6.5%
14.9%
47.4%
14.9
6.5%
2.5%
Extremes of Intelligence
Mental retardation
Refers to a wide variety of mental deficits
Defined as significantly sub-average general
intelligence functioning that is accompanied by
significant limitations in adaptive functioning
Some people with retardation show savant
performance on particular skills
Extremes of Intelligence
Giftedness
Refers to superior IQ combined with ability in
academics, creativity, and leadership
Giftedness is often in specific areas
Globally gifted people are rare
Thank you
I hope you had an enjoyable learning
experience!!!!!
