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Automated Methods of Analysis Asdsad

Automated methods of analysis offer advantages over manual methods such as lower labor costs, higher speed, and better reproducibility. There are two main types of automated analytical systems: discrete analyzers that perform individual steps and continuous-flow analyzers that continuously process samples. Flow injection analysis is a type of continuous-flow method where a sample is injected as a plug and carried through a system with a reagent stream, allowing for rapid analysis.

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Mark Cliffton Badlon
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97 views21 pages

Automated Methods of Analysis Asdsad

Automated methods of analysis offer advantages over manual methods such as lower labor costs, higher speed, and better reproducibility. There are two main types of automated analytical systems: discrete analyzers that perform individual steps and continuous-flow analyzers that continuously process samples. Flow injection analysis is a type of continuous-flow method where a sample is injected as a plug and carried through a system with a reagent stream, allowing for rapid analysis.

Uploaded by

Mark Cliffton Badlon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 33

Automated Methods of Analysis

Introduction...
By IUPAC terminology, automatic devices
do not modify their operation as a result of
feedback from an analytical transducer. For
example, an automatic acid/base titrator
adds reagent to a solution and
simultaneously records pH as a function of
volume of reagent

Advantages and Disadvantages of


Automatic Analyses...

Automated instruments offer a major


economic advantage because of their savings
in labor costs.
Their speed, which is frequently significantly
greater than that of manual devices.
A well-designed analyzer can usually
produce more reproducible results over a
long period of time than can an operator
employing a manual instrument.

Unit Operations in Chemical


Analysis...
All analytical methods can be broken down
into a series of eight steps, or unit
operations, any one of which can be
automated. The next table lists the steps in
the order in which they occur in a typical
analysis.

Automatic analytical systems are of two


general types:
discrete analyzers
continuous-flow analyzers

FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS...
Flow-injection methods, in their present form,
were first described in the mid 70s. Flowinjection methods are and outgrowth of
segmented-flow procedures, which were
widely used in clinical laboratories in the
1960s and 1970s for automatic routine
determination of a variety of species in blood
and urine samples for medical diagnostic
purposes.

Instrumentation...

Sample and Reagent Transport


System...
Ordinarily, the solution in a flow-injection
analysis is moved through the system by a
peristaltic pump, a device in which a fluid
(liquid or gas) is squeezed through plastic
tubing by rollers.

Sample Injectors and Detectors...


The injectors and detectors employed in
flow-injection analysis are similar in kind
and performance requirements to those used
in HPLC. For successful analysis, it is vital
that the sample solution be infected rapidly
as a pulse or plug of liquid

Separations in FIA...
Separations by dialysis, by liquid/liquid
extraction, and by gaseous diffusion are
readily carried out automatically with flowinjection systems.

Dialysis and Gas Diffusion...


Dialysis is often used continuous-flow
methods to separate inorganic ions, such as
chloride or sodium or small organic
molecules, such as glucose, from highmolecular-weight species such as proteins.

Extraction...
Another common separation technique
readily adapted to continuous-flow methods
is extraction. It is important to reiterate that
none of the separation procedures in FIA
methods is ever complete. The lack of
completeness is of no consequence,
however, because unknowns and standards
are treated an identical way.

Principles of Flow-Injection
Analysis...

Dispersion...
Dispersion D is defined by the equation
D = co/c
where co is the analyte concentration of the
injected sample and c is the peak
concentration at the detector. Dispersion is
influenced by three interrelated and
controllable variables: sample volume, tube
length, and pumping rate.

Applications of Flow-Injection
Analysis
In the flow-injection literature, the terms
limited dispersion, medium dispersion, and
large dispersion are frequently encountered
where they refer to dispersions of 1 to 3, 3
to 10, and greater than 10, respectively.

Limited-Dispersion Applications
Limited-dispersion flow-injection
techniques have found considerable
application for high-speed feeding of
such detector systems as flame atomic
absorption and emission as well as
inductively coupled plasma.

DISCRETE AUTOMATIC
SYSTEMS...
A wide variety of discrete automatic
systems are offered by numerous instrument
manufacturers. Some of these devices are
designed to perform one or more.

Automatic Sampling and Sample


Definition of Liquids and Gases...
This device consists of a movable probe,
which is a syringe needle or a piece of fine
plastic tubing supported by an arm that
periodically lifts the tip of the needle or
tube form the sample container and
positions it over asecond container in which
the analysis is performed.

Robotics...
The robotic system is controlled by a
microprocessor that can be instructed to
bring samples to the master laboratory
station where they can be diluted, filtered,
partitioned, ground, centrifuged, extracted,
and treated with reagents.

Useful Websites Dealing With


Instrumental Analysis...
http://www.cas.org
http://www.chemcenter/org
http://www.kerouac.pharm.uky.edu/asrg/wave/wave
hp.html
http://www.anachem.umu.se/jumpstation.htm
http://www.lplc.com/
http://www.zirchrom.com/
http://hplc.chem.vt.edu/
http://www.chrom.com/

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