SHADING METHODS
Polygon Rendering
Polygon
renderingis a method of
creating two dimensional images
from a group of three
dimensional objects.
These three dimensional objects
are made up of flat polygons, any
shape can be approximated using
polygons.
Rendering
methods used in
computer graphics
Flat surface rendering
Gouraud surface rendering
Phong surface rendering
Flat Surface Rendering
The
simplest method for rendering
a polygon surface
The same colour is assigned to all
surface positions
The illumination at a single point
on the surface is calculated and
used for the entire surface
Flat surface rendering is extremely
fast, but can be unrealistic
Flat
shading provides accurate
rendering for an object if all of the
following assumptions are valid:
All
light sources illuminating the object are
sufficiently far from the surface so that N.L
and the attenuation function are constant
for the surface.
The viewing position is sufficiently far from
the surface so that V.R is constant for the
surface.
No Surface Rendering Vs Flat
Surface Rendering
No Surface Rendering
Flat Surface Rendering
Limitations
It
give a faceted look to low
polygon models.
Specular highlights are rendered
poorly.
Overcoming Flat Shading
Limitations
Just add lots and lots of
polygons however, this is
SLOW!
Gouraud Surface
Rendering
Gouraud
surface shading was
developed in the 1970s by
Henri Gouraud
Often also called intensityinterpolation surface
rendering
Intensity levels are calculated at
each vertex and interpolated
across the surface
Example: flat shading vs
gouraud shading
Gouraud Surface Rendering
To
render a polygon, Gouraud
surface rendering proceeds as
follows:
1.Determine the average unit normal
vector at each vertex of the polygon
2.Apply an illumination model at each
polygon vertex to obtain the light
intensity at that position
3.Linearly interpolate the vertex
intensities over the projected area
of the polygon
Gouraud Surface Rendering
The
average unit
normal vector at
v is given as:
N1
N1 N 2 N 3 N 4
Nv
N1 N 2 N 3 N 4
Nv
v
N4
N3
N2
or
more
n
generally:
Nv
N
i 1
n
N
i 1
Gouraud Surface Rendering
Illumination
values are linearly
interpolated across each scanline
y y
y y
3
I4
1
Scan-line
y1 y2
I1
y1 y2
I2
y5 y 2
y3 y5
I5
I3
I2
y3 y 2
y3 y 2
Ip
x5 x p
x5 x4
I4
x p x4
x5 x4
I5
Y-1
The intensity along
this edge for the next
scan line y-1 is :
Scan-line
Intensity at the edge
point is interpolated
as: y y2
y1 y
I4
I1
I2
y1 y2
y1 y2
I 2 I1
I' I
y1 y2
2
x
Advantages of Gouraud Surface Rendering:
removes the intensity discontinuities
Gouraud Surface Rendering
Example
Gouraud Surface Rendering
Implementation
Gouraud
surfacing rendering can
be implemented relatively
efficiently using an iterative
approach
Typically Gouraud shading is
implemented as part of a visible
surface detection technique
Problems With Gouraud Shading
Gouraud
shading
tends to miss
certain highlighting
In particular Gouraud
shading has a
problem with specular
reflections
Also, the linear intensity
interpolation can cause bright or dark
intensity streaks known as Mach bands
Problems With Gouraud
Shading
Gouraud shading
The
major problem with Gouraud
shading is in handling specular
reflections
Mach Bands
A
psychological phenomenon
whereby we see bright bands
where two blocks of solid colour
meet
Phong Surface Rendering
A
more accurate interpolation
based approach for rendering a
polygon was developed by Phong
Bui Tuong
Basically the Phong surface
rendering model (or normalvector interpolation
rendering) interpolates normal
vectors instead of intensity
values
Phong Surface Rendering
To
render a polygon, Phong
surface rendering proceeds as
follows:
1.Determine the average unit normal
vector at each vertex of the polygon
2.Linearly interpolate the vertex
normals over the projected area of
the polygon
3.Apply an illumination model at
positions along scan lines to
calculate pixel intensities using the
Phong Surface Rendering
N3
N1
N4
p
y4 y2
y1 y4
N4
N1
N2
y1 y2
y1 y2
y5 y 2
y3 y5
N5
N3
N2
y3 y 2
y3 y 2
Np
Scan line
N5
N2
Np
y p y5
y 4 y5
N4
y4 y p
y 4 y5
N5
Phong Surface Rendering
Implementation
Phong
shading is much slower
than Gouraud shading as the
lighting model is revaluated so
many times
However, there are fast Phong
surface rendering approaches
that can be implemented
iteratively.
Phong Shading Examples
Phong Shading Examples
Summary
For
realistic rendering of
polygons we need interpolation
methods to determine lighting
positions
Flat shading is fast, but
unrealistic
Gouraud shading is better, but
does not handle specular
reflections very well
Phong shading is better still, but
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