The Human Skeleton
The Skeletal System
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton limbs and girdle
Slide 5.1
Functions of the Skeletal
System
Provides shape and form
Supporting, protecting, and allowing
bodily movement
Produces blood for blood cells
Storing minerals
The Skeleton Is Divided Into
Two Distinct Parts:
THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSISTS
OF BONES THAT FORM THE AXIS
OF THE BODY AND SUPPORT AND
PROTECT THE ORGANS OF THE
HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK.
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON IS
COMPOSED OF
BONES THAT ANCHOR THE
APPENDAGES TO THE AXIAL
SKELETON.
B1. Human Endoskeleton
made of
a.
b.
Axial: skull,
Boo
backbone, ribs,
sternum
Appendicular:
arms, legs,
shoulders,
hips,wrists,
ankles
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
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Slide 5.20b
The Skull
Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint
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Slide 5.21a
Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
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Slide 5.22
The Fetal Skull
The fetal skull is
large compared
to the infants
total body length
Figure 5.13
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Slide 5.27a
The Fetal Skull
Fontanelles
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
Allow the brain
to grow
Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13
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Slide 5.27b
The Hyoid Bone
The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone
Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12
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Slide 5.26
The Vertebral Column
Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
The spine has a
normal curvature
Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
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Figure 5.14
Slide 5.28
The Bony Thorax
Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a
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Slide 5.31a
The Bony Thorax
Made-up of
three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
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Slide 5.31b
The Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
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Slide 5.32a
The Appendicular Skeleton
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
Clavicle collarbone
Scapula shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement
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Slide 5.33
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
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Slide 5.34a
Bones of the Upper Limb
The arm is
formed by a
single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
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Slide 5.35a
Bones of the Upper Limb
The forearm
has two bones
Ulna
Radius
Figure 5.21c
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Slide 5.35b
Bones of the Upper Limb
The hand
Carpals wrist
Metacarpals
palm
Phalanges
fingers
Figure 5.22
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Slide 5.36
The Pelvis
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Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has
one bone
Femur thigh
bone
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Slide 5.40a
Bones of the Lower Limbs
The leg has
two bones
Tibia
Fibula
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Slide 5.40b
Bones of the Lower Limbs
The foot
Tarsus ankle
Metatarsals
sole
Phalanges
toes
Figure 5.25
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
HIP BONES
COMPOSED OF THREE PAIR OF FUSED BONES
ILIUM
ISCHIUM
PUBIC BONE
THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE UPPER BODY RESTS
ON THE PELVIS
PROTECTS SEVERAL ORGANS
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
URINARY BLADDER
PART OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
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Endoskeletons also
have.
1c. Ligaments that hold bone to
bone
1d. Tendons that hold muscle to
bone, muscle tenders
1e. Joints where 2 bones come
together
Types of Bones
THE BONES OF THE BODY FALL INTO FOUR
GENERAL CATEGORIES: LONG BONES, SHORT
BONES, FLAT BONES, AND IRREGULAR
BONES.
LONG BONES ARE LONGER THAN THEY ARE
WIDE AND WORK AS LEVERS. THE BONES OF
THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES ARE
OF
THIS TYPE. SHORT BONES ARE SHORT,
CUBESHAPED, AND FOUND IN THE WRISTS AND
FLAT BONES HAVE BROAD SURFACES FOR
PROTECTION OF ORGANS AND
ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES IRREGULAR
BONES ARE ALL OTHERS THAT DO NOT
FALL
INTO THE PREVIOUS CATEGORIES. THEY
HAVE VARIED SHAPES, SIZES, AND
SURFACES FEATURES AND INCLUDE THE
BONES OF THE VERTEBRAE AND A FEW IN
THE SKULL.
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
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Bone Composition
Bones are composed of tissue that may take
one of two forms. Compact, or dense bone, and
spongy, or cancellous, bone. Most bones
contain both types. Compact bone is dense,
hard, and forms the protective exterior portion
of all bones. Spongy bone is inside the compact
bone and is very porous (full of tiny holes).
Spongy bone occurs in most bones. The bone
tissue is composed of several types of
bone cells embedded in a web of inorganic
salts (mostly calcium and phosphorus) to give
the bone strength, and collagenous fibers and
Types of joints
(joints are also called
articulations)
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
OF JOINTS
SYNARTHROSES IMMOVABLE
JOINTS
AMPHIARTHROSES SLIGHTLY
MOVEABLE JOINTS
DIARTHROSES FREELY MOVEABLE
JOINTS
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FIBROUS JOINTS
BONES UNITED BY FIBROUS TISSUE
SYNARTHROSIS OR LARGELY
IMMOVABLE.
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS
FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS
ENCAPSULATED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
THE CONNCTIVE TISSUE SECRETES
SYNOVIAL FLUID
THE EPIPHYSIS OF THE BONES IS
COVERED WITH CARTILAGE
HAVE TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS AROUND
THEM
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
MOSTLY AMPHIARTHROSIS
Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
Pubic
symphysis
Intervertebral
joints
Figure 5.27b, c
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Types of synovial joints
Gliding joints, the articulating
surfaces are typically flat
Hinge joints, found in the fingers and
elbow; the spoon-like surface fits into
a concave surface
Ball and socket, shoulder joint; where
a ball fits into a cuplike depression
Pivot joints, found between the
proximal ends of the radius and ulna;
surface fits into a ring formed by
bone and ligament
THE SYNOVIAL JOINT
Figure 5.28
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CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
CARTILAGE FILL THE SPACE BETWEEN
THE JOINTS, ALLOWING ONLY A
LITTLE MOTION
BETWEEN VERTEBRAE
BETWEEN STERNUM AND RIBS
FIBROUS JOINTS
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
JOINS THE BONES (FONTANELLES)
NO REAL SPACE BETWEEN BONES
ALLOWS BONES OF SKULL TO
CROSS DURING CHILDBIRTH
Types of Joints
CHANGES IN THE HUMAN
SKELETON
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
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BONE GROWTH
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long
bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
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Slide 5.13a
Joint Damage:
Arthritis
Bone Deformation: Lack of
Vitamin D
Bow-legged
BONE FRACTURES
A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture break that does not
penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture broken bone
penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
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COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
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Thighbones are usually stronger, pound for
pound, than reinforced concrete.
Men's bones tend to be larger and heavier
than women's bones.
The hip bone is actually six bones joined to
the sacrum to form the pelvis
There are 230 joints in the body
The femur is the longest bone in the body
You shrink 1/2" during the day, due to
compression of the spinal column
Bones are 1/5 of the total body weight
There are 26 bones in the foot
The last bone to mature is the collar bone
One in 20 people has an extra rib
The smallest bone in your body, located
in your ear, is smaller than a grain of rice
Is The Funny Bone Really Funny?
Actually, the funny bone has nothing to do with
laughter. In fact, it isn't even a bone at all. It is
really a nerve called the ulnar nerve. But, it runs
right next to the "humerus." Get it? "Humerus."
That's where "funny bone" comes from.
When you bend your elbow, you have this ulnar
nerver that is much easier to get to than most
nerves are. So, when you hit your elbow, the nerve
also gets whacked and begins to send messages
that travel all the way up your arm, to your spinal
cord and along your spinal cord to your brain.
The result: a tingling sensation that shoots from
your elbow, where the impact occurred, to the tip of
your little finger (which is where the nerve ends).
That's why it hurts. Not so funny, is it?
(Sources include: Science Web , Guardian
