TURBO
MACHINERY
Yildiz Technichal University
Winter Term 2014
Dr. Nader JAVANI
[email protected] Course Contents
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Subject
Introduction to turbo machinery, classification and
applications
Basic Concepts and fluid properties
Conservation of mass and energy ( Bernouli
equation)
Linear Momentum conservation analysis
Angular Momentum conservation analysis
Dimensional analysis, Similitude
Midterm I
Pumps
Pumps
Hydraulic Turbines
Compressor & Fans
Compressors & Fans
Midterm II
Steam and Gas Turbines
Steam and Gas Turbines
Dimensional Analyses and
Modeling
Objectives
Developabetterunderstandingofdimensions,units,anddimensional
homogeneityofequations.
Understandthenumerousbenefitsofdimensionalanalysis
Knowhowtousethemethodofrepeatingvariablestoidentifynondimensional
parameters
Understandtheconceptofdynamicsimilarityandhowtoapplyitto
experimentalmodeling
Dimensions and Units
Adimensionisameasureofaphysicalquantity(withoutnumerical
values)
Aunit isawaytoassignanumber to that dimension.
Therearesevenprimary dimensions (alsocalledfundamental or basic
dimensions):
mass,length,time,temperature,electriccurrent,amountoflight,and
amountofmatter.
All nonprimary dimensions can be formed by some combination of
the seven primary dimensions.
Dimensions and Units
Dimensions and Units
DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
The law of dimensional homogeneity:
Example:
DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
Therefore,alltermsintheequationhavethesamedimensionofENERGY.
Asanotherexample,weconsidertheBernoulliEquationforhomogeneityofterms.
Dimensional Homogeneity
Nondimensionalization of
Equations
Aftersatisfyingthehomogeneitylaw,ifallthetermsisanequationisdividedby
acollectionofvariablesandconstantswhoseproductshasthosesame
dimensions,Theequationisrenderednondimensionalequation.
Each term in a nondimensional equation is dimensionless.
If,inaddition,thenondimnsionaltermsintheequationareoforderunity,
theequationiscallednormalized.
Intheprocessofnondimensionalizingofequationofmotion,nondimensional
parameters oftenappearmostofwhicharenamedafteranotablescientistor
engineer(e.g.,theReynoldsnumberandtheFroudenumber).Thisprocessis
referredtobysomeauthorsasinspectional analysis.
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Nondimensionalization of
Equations
Asanexample,wecanapplythismethodtotheequationofmotion
describingtheelevationzofanabjectfallingbygravitythroughavacuum
(noairdrag).
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Nondimensionalization of
Equations
Theconstantandtheexponent2aredimensionlessresultsofthe
integration.Suchconstantsarecalledpure constants. Othercommon
examplesofpureconstantsarepiande.
Tonondimensionalizetheequation,weneedtoselectscaling
parameters basedontheprimarydimensionscontainedintheoriginal
equation.
Inthecaseofthefallingobjectbeingdiscussedhere,thereareonlytwo
primarydimensions,lengthandtime,andthuswearelimitedto
selectingonlytwo scaling parameters.
Amongthreeavailabledimensionalconstantsofg, and ,Wechoose
and .
Thefirststepistolisttheprimarydimensionsofall dimensional
variablesanddimensionalconstantsintheproblem.
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Nondimensionalization of
Equations
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Nondimensionalization of
Equations
What then is the advantage of nondimensionalizing the
equation?
it increases our insight about the relationships between key
parameters.
forexample,thatdoublingw0 hasthesameeffectas
decreasingz0 byafactorof4.
it reduces the number of parameters in the problem.
The nondimensionalized problem contains one dependent parameter, z*;
one independent parameter, t*; and only one additionalparameter,namely
the dimensionless Froude number, Fr. The number of additional
parametershasbeenreducedfromthreetoone!
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Nondimensionalization of
Equations
Example 7-3:
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Nondimensionalization of
Equations
A complete data set for three parameters with five
levels of each parameter would require experiments!
Nondimensionalization reduces the number of
parameters from three to one. A total of only
experimentsarerequiredforthesameresolution.
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Nondimensionalization of
Equations
Anotheradvantageofnondimensionalizationisthatextrapolationto
untestedvaluesofoneormoreofthedimensionalparametersis
possible(Followingexample).
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Nondimensionalization of
Equations
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Dimensional analyses and
similarity
Inmanycasesinreal-lifeengineering,theequationsareeithernotknown
ortoodifficulttosolve;oftentimesexperimentation is the only method of
obtaining reliable information.
Inmostexperiments,tosavetimeandmoney,testsareperformedona
geometricallyscaledmodel,ratherthanonthefull-scaleprototype.
In such cases, care must be taken to properly scale the results. We
introducehereapowerfultechniquecalleddimensional analysis.
The three primary purposes of dimensional analysis are:
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Dimensional analyses and
similarity
The principle of similarity
Threenecessaryconditionsforcomplete
similaritybetweenamodelandaprototype.
(1) Geometric similaritythemodelmustbe
thesameshapeastheprototype,butmaybe
scaledbysomeconstantscalefactor.
(2) Kinematic similaritythevelocityatany
pointinthemodelflowmustbeproportional
(byaconstantscalefactor)tothevelocityat
thecorrespondingpointintheprototypeflow.
(3) dynamic similarityWhenallforces inthe
modelflowscalebyaconstantfactorto
correspondingforcesintheprototypeflow
(force-scale equivalence).
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Dimensional analyses and
similarity
One can consider the geometric similarity as length-scale
equivalence and kinematic similarity as time-scale equivalence.
Geometric similarity is a prerequisite for kinematic similarity.
As with geometric and kinematic similarity, the scale factor for
forces can be less than, equal to, or greater than one.
In a general flow field, complete similarity between a
model and prototype is achieved only when there is
geometric,kinematic,anddynamicsimilarity.
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Dimensional analyses and
similarity
GreekletterPi()denoteanondimensionalparameter.
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Dimensional analyses and
similarity
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Dimensional analyses and
similarity
Solution:
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Dimensional analyses and
similarity
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Dimensional analyses and
similarity
Aftersatisfyingthecompletesimilaritybetweenthemodeltestsandprototypeflow,
Thenthedependentgroupalsocanbeused.
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Aslongasthecorrespondingindependentsaresetequaltoeachother,
similarityisachievedeven if different fluids are used. This explains why
automobile oraircraftperformancecanbesimulatedinawatertunnel,and
theperformanceofasubmarinecanbesimulatedinawindtunnel.
Therefore,whenthereisspeedlimitationinthetestwithair,waterasa
suitableliquidcanbeemployedforthetestsasbelow:
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Dimensional analyses and
similarity
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The Method of Repeating Variables and
the Buckingham PI Theorem
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The Method of Repeating
Variables
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The Method of Repeating
Variables
Letusapplythestepsforthepreviousexampleofthefallingobject:
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The Method of Repeating
Variables
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The Method of Repeating
Variables
Themanipulationofdimensionlessparameters,cannormallyleadto
knownParameterssuchasFroudeNumberintheaboveexample.
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The Method of Repeating
Variables
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The Method of Repeating
Variables
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The Method of Repeating
Variables
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The Method of Repeating
Variables
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Summary
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