EE3:IntroductiontoElectrical

Engineering
Lecture1:CircuitsI
GregPottie
[email protected]
+1.310.825.8150
56147GEngIV
EE3Prof.GregPottie

CourseOutline
Circuitfundamentals:theoryandhandsonexperiencetoprovide
technicalexplanationof:

Telecommunications
ElectricalGrid
ComputingandControl
Devices:pnjunction(diodes,transistors,photonics)
Technologytrends

GoalistoprovideabasicunderstandingofthegreatEE
inventionsandthosetocome,andprovideanopportunityinthe
labtobecomefamiliarwithdevicesdescribedinlecture,and
produceaworkingdesign.
Afterfourweeksofsetlabstoillustrateequipmentanddevice
operation,willhavefiveweekstocreateownproject

EE3Prof.GregPottie

CourseOutlineIII
Grades

Homework10%
Labs10%
Project40%
Quizzes10%
Final30%

Quizzes
Weeks3,5

Project
Evaluationbasedonperformanceatend,andinfinaloral/writtenreports.
Labsandprojectsillustrateconceptspresentedinlecture

EE3Prof.GregPottie

BasicCircuitTheory
Inthiscourse,wewillshowhowtheideasbehindmanyof
themostfamousdevelopmentsinelectricalengineering
canbeexplainedusingrelativelysimplecircuits.
Wenowexploresomeofthebasicmethodsforanalyzing
thebehaviorofcircuits.

EE230BProf.GregPottie

BasicPhysics
Acurrentconsistsofaflowofcharges(usuallyelectrons,
butsometimesholes).Whileelectronsarenegatively
charged,byconventioncurrentispositiveinthedirection
ofthearrow.
Resistors:electronsacceleratedbyavoltagecollidewith
thematerialanddissipateenergyasheat(OhmsLaw)
Capacitors:Likechargesrepeleachother(Coulombs
Law);butavoltagecanforcethemclosertotogether,
storingenergy.
Inductors:currentproducesamagneticfield(Faradays
Law);thisfieldcannotcollapseimmediately,andwhenit
doesitreleasesenergybackintothecircuit
EE3Prof.GregPottie

OhmsLaw
Thecurrentthroughauniformmaterialofcrosssectional
areaA,resistivity,andlengthlduetoanappliedvoltage
Vis
AV
I=
= V /R; i.e., V = IR
l
Riscalledtheresistance.Energyisdissipatedinresistors
intheformofheat;allpracticalcircuitelementscontain
someresistance,andthustherearealwayslossesascurrent
flows.ThepowerdissipatedisVI=RI2.
Resistancegenerallyincreaseswithtemperature.Some
materialsalsodisplaychangesinresistanceinthepresence
ofelectricormagneticfields;thisiscrucialtothe
operationoftransistors.
EE3Prof.GregPottie

CoulombsLaw
ConsiderchargesQ1andQ2separatedbyadistancer.
Theforcebetweenthemobeys

Q1Q2
F 2 N
r

+Q1

+Q2

Thus,energyisrequiredtobringthechargestogether.
Incircuits,thisisaccomplishedbyapplyingavoltage.

EE3Prof.GregPottie

Example:ParallelPlateCapacitor

SupposetheplateshaveareaA,
electricfieldE

+
IfthevoltagebetweentheplatesisV,thenV=Ed.Thecapacitance
isC=A/d.Observethatlargerplatesenablemorechargeatagiven
density,whilesmallerdresultsinmoreforceandthusmoreenergy
stored.
Sincetheaccumulatedchargeisjusttheintegralofthecurrent,it
maybeshownthatthevoltage/currentrelationsare
1
v=
C

dv
idt; i = C dt
0
EE3Prof.GregPottie

MagneticFields
MagneticfieldsBariseduetomotionofcharges,for
example,acurrentIinawireoflengthl.Foracurrent
elementIdl
I R
Bpointsintopage
0 Idlsin
dB =
4 r 2

r
dl
Foraninfinitelengthwire,themagneticfieldcirclesthewire
accordingtotherighthandruleforcurrent(thumbwiththe
current,fingerscurlwiththefield).Integratingtheexpression
forthecurrentelement,
0I
B=
2R
EE3Prof.GregPottie

MagneticFieldsII
Theforceperunitlengthbetweentwoparallelinfinite
lengthwiresis
I
I
1

F
I
= I2 0 1
l
2R
F

Sinceitcanproduceforces,evidentlythemagneticfieldalso
storesenergy.Thisismeasuredbytheinductance.Foran
inductor,thevoltage/currentrelationsare
di
1 t
v = L ; i = vdt
dt
L
EE3Prof.GregPottie

10

WaterandElectricalCurrentFlow
Analogies
Battery;raisesvoltage=Pump;raisespressure
Eachdriveflow.
Resistance;causesvoltagedrop=Thinnessofpipe;causes
backpressure.Eachresistflow.
Capacitance;storeschargeinresponsetovoltage=Storage
tank;storeswaterinresponsetopressureforlaterrelease
Inductance;storesmagneticenergyinresponseto
current=Momentumofcurrentflow;kineticenergybuilds
withflowvolume/velocity
Amplifier;lowvoltageinputcontrolshighvoltageoutput;
Gateindam;lowenergycontrolproduceslargewaterflow
EE3Prof.GregPottie

11

ModelsandAbstractions
Physicsmodelsofcircuits:lawsbywhichmovingcharge
resultsinEMfields,EMwaves;energyconservationlaws
Essentialforcreatingnewdevicesandinunderstanding
howcircuitelementswork.
But
Forbuildingcircuits,levelofabstractionistoolow;we
needconstructionsthatmakecalculationseasier.Thisis
similartotherelationofNewtonianandquantum
mechanics.Thelatterisfundamental,butcomputationally
intractableatlargescale.Inbuildingsystems,thereare
manylevelsofabstraction,suitableatdifferentscales
EE3Prof.GregPottie

12

KirchhoffsVoltageLaw
KVL:Thesumofvoltagesinaclosedcircuitiszero
i

+
+

vs

v1

ByOhmslaw,v1=iR;byKVL,vsv1=0.Thesigns
attachedtothevoltageareifitisagainand+ifalossin
thedirectionofthecurrent(somebooksusetheopposite
convention).
Thus,v1vs=0;v1=vs;i=vs/R

EE3Prof.GregPottie

13

Determinev1,v2,i,intermsofvs,R1,R2
i

+
vs

EFTS

R1

+ v1

+
v2

R2

Solution:ByKVLandOhmsLaw,
v s v1 v 2 = 0; v s = v1 + v 2 = iR1 + iR2
vs
v s = i(R1 + R2 ); i =
R1 + R2
vs
vs
v1 = iR1 =
R1; v 2 = iR2 =
R2
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
Example : v s = 12 V, R1 = 4, R2 = 8.
Theni = 1A, v1 = 4V , v 2 = 8V .

EE3Prof.GregPottie

14

EnergyInterpretation
+
+

vs

R1

+ v1

+
v2

R2

Q=chargemovingthroughthecircuit
W=workperformedbythevoltagesource
W = W1 + W 2
W W1 W 2
=
+
Q
Q Q
emf = v s = v1 + v 2

Thus,KVLisanenergyconservationlaw.
EE3Prof.GregPottie

15

ApplicationtoRLCCircuits
i

vs

di 1
v s = iR + L +
dt C

i dt

KVLappliestobothstaticandvariablesources,andto
resistiveandreactiveloads.

Wewilllatershowhowtosolvesuchequations.

EE3Prof.GregPottie

16

KirchhoffsCurrentLaw
KCL:thesumofthecurrentsleavingajunctioniszero
i2

i1

i3

Whatdoesthislawconserve? Obviously,charge.

EE3Prof.GregPottie

17

i0

+
vs

Example
i1

i2

R1

R2

ApplyKCLtothejunctionabovetheresistors
i0 + i1 + i2 = 0; i0 = i1 + i2

The+/signscomefromi1andi2leavewhilei0enters.
Todeterminethecurrentvalues,useOhmsLawandKVL
v s = i1R1 = i2 R2

ThesameconclusionisreachedapplyingKCLtothe
bottomjunction.

EE3Prof.GregPottie

18

i0

+
vs

EFTS
i1

i2

R1

R2

Determinei0,i1,i2if
vs=10,R1=10,R2=5.

Solution:

v s = i1R1 = i2 R2
10i1 = 10; i1 = 1
i0 = 3

5i2 = 10; i2 = 2

TheequivalentresistiveloadRoftheparallelresistorsis
i0 R' = 10;R' = 10 /3

EE3Prof.GregPottie

19

Tricks
WecanuseKVL,KCL,etc.tosolveforvoltages
andcurrentsincomplexcircuits
However,insteadwebuildothermethodsbasedonthem
tosimplifythecalculations.
Wewilllookatparallelandseriescircuits,meshcurrents,
nodeequations,andreuseofcertainknownsolutionsthat
frequentlyrecurascircuitcomponents.

EE3Prof.GregPottie

20

EquivalentCircuits
Twosetsofcircuitsareconsideredequivalentifthey
presentthesamevirelationstocircuitsthatareattachedto
them
OnePortNetwork

TwoPortNetwork

i1

+
v

R2
R1

R2

v1

R1

R3

1virelationneeded

R3

i2
+
v2

2virelationsneeded
EE3Prof.GregPottie

21

SeriesCircuits
Seriesresistorsdividevoltageamongthembutotherwisecan
bereplacedwithanequivalentresistorequaltotheirsum
i
+
v

i
+
v1

R1

+
v2

R2

UsingKVL,v = v1 + v 2
iR1 + iR2
i(R1 + R2 ) = iReq
R2
Further,v 2 =
v
R1 + R2

+
v

Req

Ingeneral,Req = R1 + R2 +K + Rn
Similarlyforseriesinductors,
Leq = L1 + L2 +K + Ln

EE3Prof.GregPottie

22

ParallelCircuits
Parallelresistancesdividecurrentamongthem
i
i1

i2
R1

R2

UsingKCL,i = i1 + i2
v
v
i= +
R1 R2
R1 + R2
i=
v v / Req
R1R2

R1
Moreover,i2 =
i
R1 + R2

R1R2 R3
With3resistors,Req =
R1R2 + R1R3 + R2 R3

Afruitfulapproachistoalwaysworkwithpairs,andthencombinethem.

Forparallelcapacitors,Ceq = C1 + C2 + ...+ Cn
EE3Prof.GregPottie

23

Example
Ratherthanwritemeshequations,weuserelationsfor
parallelandseriesresistances.
2

12V

i2

Fortheparallelresistors
4(8)
R par =
= 32 /12
4 +8

Nowtherearetworesistorsinseries
i

ForseriesresistorsReq = 2 + 32 /12

Sincev = iReq = 12, i = 2.57A

32 /12
v par =
12 = 6.86
2 + 32 /12

4
Usingthecurrentdividerrelation,i2 = i = 0.86A
12
EE3Prof.GregPottie

24

EFTS
Determinethecurrentsandvoltages.
i

i2
2

12V

Fortheparallelresistors
2(2)
R par =
=1
2+2

Therearenowthreeseriesresistorswithvalues2,1,3;
Req=6

V=iReq;i=12/6=2A.Thusthevoltagedropacrossthefirst
resistoris4V,2Vacrosstheparallelresistors,and6V
acrossthelastone.
Sincetheparallelresistancesareequal,thecurrentis
equallydivided,andi2=1A.
EE3Prof.GregPottie

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Summary
Toanalyzecircuits,wemakeuseofphysicsandthenbuildmore
abstractmodels
Lumpedelements
KCLandKVL
ParallelandSeriescircuit

Nextwewillconsiderblackboxapproacheswhere
combinationsofelementsareconsideredasiftheywereasingle
unit,andconsidergeneralmethodsforsolvingcircuits

EE3Prof.GregPottie

26

Appendix:CommonCircuitElementsI
Ausefulabstractionistheconceptofthecircuitdiagramwithlumped
circuitelements(inrealityevenwireshavesomeresistance,inductanceand
capacitance)
i
R
Resistor
v R = iR; Units = Ohms
+ vR
i

Capacitor

Inductor

dv
i = C ;
dt
+ vC

di
v =L ;
+ vL
dt
i

Shortcircuit
Opencircuit

1 t
i = V dt; Units = HenrysH
L

v = 0 forany i

1 t
v = i dt; Units = FaradsF
C

i = 0 forany v
EE3Prof.GregPottie

27

CommonCircuitElementsII
Idealvoltage
source

vs

Idealcurrent
source
Operational
amplifier
Diode
Transistor

v = v s forany i

is
v1
v2

v3

or

i = is forany v
Amplificationdependsonbiascircuits

Rectifies

Amplifiesorsaturates

EE3Prof.GregPottie

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