SIGMUND FREUD

1856-1939

PSYCHOANA

WHY IS IT INTERESTING?

1. Two Cornerstones SEX and AGGRESSION

2. Spread by dedicated followers
3. Freuds brilliant command of the language
WHAT ARE HIS BASIS?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Childhood Experiences
Experiences with patients
Analysis of his own dreams
Readings in sciences and humanities

OVERVIEW OF

BIOGRAPHY I Sigmund
Freud

Complete Name

SIGISMUND FREUD

Birthdate

MAR 6 (or MAY 6), 1856

Birthplace

FREIBERG, MORAVIA

Parents

JACOB FREUD
AMALIE NATHANSON

Wife:

Martha Bernays

Birth order

ELDEST

Siblings

SEVEN (and 2 step

brothers)

Degree:

Medicine (Psychiatry)

BIOGRAPHY I Sigmund Freud

The Early Years
Relationship with his Father
Relationship with his Mother
The Birth of Julius
Medical Student
Financial Difficulties
The Sexual Origin of Hysteria I Jean Martin Charcot
Free Association Technique (Catharsis) I Josef Breuer

BIOGRAPHY I Sigmund Freud

Personal Crises
Disagreement with Josef Breuer
Unmet Desire for Fame (Abandoned the Seduction Theory)
Disagreement with Colleagues (Fleiss, Adler, Jung, etc.,)
Psychoneurosis or Creative Illness
Books
Interpretation of Dreams
On Dreams
Psychopathology of Everyday Life: Freudian Slips
Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious

BIOGRAPHY I Sigmund Freud

Organizations
Wednesday Psychological Society I Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
International Psychoanalytic Association (Carl Jung as Crown Prince)
More Stories
Unhappy Friendships
Childhood Sexual Abuse: Reality or Fantasy
Freud Resented The United States
Freuds Sex Life
Death and Deterioration

BIOGRAPHY I Sigmund Freud

Born in the Czech Republic in 1856, Sigmund Freud spent most of his
life in Vienna. In his practice as a psychiatrist, he was more interested in
learning about the unconscious motives of patients than in curing
neuroses.
Early in his professional career, Freud believed that hysteria was a
result of being seduced during childhood by a sexually mature person,
often a parent or other relative.
In 1897, however, he abandoned his seduction theory and replaced it
with his notion of the Oedipus complex, a concept that remained the center
of his psychoanalytic.

What motivates people to ACT?

(What are the forces behind peoples behaviors?)
DRIVES
German Term: T R I E B
meaning drive or impulse
also called INSTINCTS
motivating forces that drive
behavior

What motivates people to ACT?

(What are the forces behind peoples behaviors?)
DRIVES
A form of physiological
energy that connects the
bodys needs with the minds
wishes.
HUNGE
R

I THIRS
T I SEX

The instinct is not the bodily state; rather,

it is the bodily need transformed into a mental state, a WISH.

What motivates people to ACT?

(What are the forces behind peoples behaviors?)
DRIVES
When the body is in a state of need, the person
experiences a feeling of tension or pressure.
The aim of an instinct (MENTAL WISH) is to satisfy the
need and thereby reduce the tension. Freuds theory
can be called a homeostatic approach insofar as it
suggests that we are motivated to restore and maintain
a condition of physiological equilibrium, or balance, to
keep the body free of tension.

What motivates people to ACT?

(What are the forces behind peoples behaviors?)

Every basic drive is characterized by

an impetus, a source, an aim,

and an object.

What motivates people to ACT?

(What are the forces behind peoples behaviors?)

IMPETUS - the amount of force it exerts

SOURCE is the region of the body in a state of
excitation or tension (erogenous zone)

AIM

is to seek pleasure by removing that

excitation or reducing the tension

OBJECT

is the person or thing that serves as

the means through which the aim is satised

2 Types of DRIVES
r
o
x
e
S
S
O
ER

serve the purpose of

pleasure and survival

hunger, thirst, sex

Aggression or
THANATOS

serve the purpose of destruction

destroy, conquer, kill

2 Types of DRIVES
r
o
x
Se
S
O
ER

also called

LIFE
INSTINCTS

Sexual Energy: LIBIDO

the wish to die

turned against
objects other than
the self.

Aggression or
THANATOS
also called

DEATH
INSTINCTS

THE LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE I STRUCTURES OF

PERSONALITY
1. CONSCIOUS everything you are
aware of at given time.
2. PRECONSCIOUS - things of which
we are not currently aware of but
we can easily access.
3. UNCONSCIOUS fears, violent
motives, unacceptable sexual
desires, irrational wishes, shameful
experiences, traumas or painful
memories

conscious
preconscious

unconscious

Freuds View of the Human

Mind: THE MENTAL ICEBERG

THE LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE I STRUCTURES OF

PERSONALITY
1. UNCONSCIOUS
. This includes drives and instincts that are
beyond awareness but that motivate most
human behaviors.
. Unconscious drives can become conscious
only in disguised or distorted form, such as
dream images, slips of the tongue (Freudian
slips or parapraxis) , or neurotic symptoms.
Two Sources:
ON
I
S
S
E
R
REP
PHYLOGENETIC ENDOWMENT

THE LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE I STRUCTURES OF

PERSONALITY
B. PRECONSCIOUS
The preconscious contains images that are not in
awareness but that can become conscious either quite
easily or with some level of difficulty.
C. CONSCIOUS
Consciousness plays a relatively minor role in
Freudian theory. Conscious ideas stem from either the
perception of external stimuli (or from the unconscious
and preconscious after they have evaded censorship.

PROVINCES OF THE MIND

1. The
ID
unconscious
storeroom for the instincts.
operates through the primary
process
follows the pleasure principle

PROVINCES OF THE MIND

2. The
EGO

rational master of personality

operates through the secondary
process
governed by the reality principle
reconciles the unrealistic
demands of the id and the
superego

PROVINCES OF THE MIND

3. The
SUPEREGO
it tells us what is right or wrong
It operates on the morality principle.
2 PARTS
1. conscience
2. ego ideal

THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

THE
STRUCTURE
OF
PERSONALITY

THE LEVELS OF
PERSONALITY

ANXIETY:
ANXIETY
Freud believed only
the ego feels anxiety,
but the id, superego,
and outside world
can each be a source
of anxiety.

Threat to the Ego

ANXIETY:

Threat to the Ego

TYPES OF ANXIETY
REALISTIC
ANXIETY

NEUROTIC
ANXIETY

MORAL
ANXIETY

fear of
tangible
dangers

conflict
between
the id and
ego

conflict
between the
ego and
superego

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
According to Freud,
defense mechanisms
operate to protect the ego
against the pain of anxiety
provoked by the
conflicts of everyday life

Defense mechanisms
involve denials or
distortions of reality.

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety
TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
They are denials or
distortions of reality.
They operate
unconsciously.

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety
REPRESSION
involves
unconscious
forgetting of the
existence of
something
that causes anxiety.

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety

DENIAL involves
denying the existence
of an external threat
or traumatic event

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety

REACTION FORMATION involves expressing an id

impulse that is the opposite of the one truly driving the
person.

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety

PROJECTION
involves attributing
a disturbing
impulse to
someone else.

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety
INTROJECTION a
defense mechanism
whereby people
incorporate
positive qualities
of another person into
their own ego.

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety
REGRESSION involves
retreating to an earlier,
less frustrating period of
life and displaying the
childish and dependent
behaviors characteristic
of that more secure time.

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety

RATIONALIZATION involves reinterpreting

behavior to make it more acceptable and less
threatening

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety
DISPLACEMEN
T involves shifting id
impulses from a
threatening or
unavailable object to
a substitute object
that is available.

D E F E N S E S Against Anxiety
SUBLIMATION
involves altering or
displacing id impulses
by diverting instinctual
energy into socially
acceptable behaviors

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

ORAL
ANAL
PHALLIC
LATENCY
GENITAL

Freud believes that childhood

experiences shape our
personality. All children pass
through the psychosexual
stages of development and
our experiences in each of
the stage will influence our
adult behaviors.

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

FIXATION
A condition in which a
portion of libido remains
invested in one of the
psychosexual stages
because of excessive
frustration or
gratification.

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

ORAL STAGE
Birth 1 Year
In the oral stage of
psychosexual development,
pleasure is derived from
sucking, biting, and
swallowing.
EROGENOUS ZONE: mouth

2 Stages
1. Oral Receptive
Oral Passive Personality
2. Oral Sadistic
Oral Aggressive Personality

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

ANAL STAGE
1 - 3 Years
Pleasure is derived from
defecation.
EROGENOUS ZONE: anus
Conflict: Toilet Training

2 Reactions to Frustration
1. Anal Expulsive
2. Anal Retentive

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

PHALLIC
STAGE
4 - 5 Years

Pleasure is derived from

manipulation of the genitals
(masturbation) and sexual
fantasies
EROGENOUS ZONE: GENITALS
Conflict: OEDIPUS COMPLEX

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

OEDIPUS COMPLEX
The unconscious desire of a boy for his
mother, accompanied by a desire to
replace or destroy his father.

CASTRATION ANXIETY
A boys fear during the Oedipal period
that his penis will be cut off

PHALLIC STAGE (4 - 5 Years)

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

ELECTRA COMPLEX
the unconscious desire of a girl
for her father, accompanied by a
desire to replace or destroy her
mother

PENIS ENVY
The envy the female feels
toward the male because the
male possesses a penis

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

LATENCY STAGE
5 YEARS PUBERTY
Sex instinct is dormant, sublimated in
school activities, sports, and hobbies, and
in developing friendships with members of
the same sex.
Note: Not a PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

GENITAL STAGE
PUBERTY
ONWARDS
The sexual energy pressing for
expression in the teenage years
can be at least partially satised
through the pursuit of socially
acceptable substitutes and, later,
through a committed adult
relationship with a person of the
opposite sex.

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

PSYCHOLOGICAL
MATURITY

Freud hinted at a stage of

psychological maturity in which the
ego would be in control of the id and
superego and in which consciousness
would play a more important role in
behavior and the person has passed
through the developmental stages in
an ideal manner.

APPLICATION OF PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY
LATE THERAPEUTIC

EARLY THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUE
highly
suggestive
coercive

TECHNIQUE

FREE ASSOCIATION
transference

DREAM ANALYSIS
manifest content
latent content

FREUDIAN SLIPS

FREUDS PSYCHONALYTIC COUCH

PSYCHOANALYSIS I CONCEPT OF
HUMANITY
Determinism

Free Choice

Pessimism

Optimism

Causality

Teleology

Unconscious
Biological
Uniqueness

VERS
US

Conscious
Social
Similarities