RANDOM-SCAN DISPLAYS
When operated as a randomscan display unit, a CRT has the
electron beam directed only to
the parts of the screen where a
picture is to be drawn. Randomscan monitors draw a picture one
line at a time and for this reason
are also referred to as vector
displays
Random-scan
Displays
1. Introduction
Random scan systems are also called
Vector Displays
stroke-writing, or
calligraphic displays.
In Random Scan Display picture
information or defination for the image to
be drawn is stored in a memory called
refresh buffer. The display Processor
contains the end points of each line to be
drawn.
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Computer Graphics
Random-scan
Displays
In order to display a picture, display
processing unit executes the various line
drawing commands one by one.
Once all the commands in display file are
processed the system cycle comes back to the
first commonad in the list. This is how
refreshing is done in Random Scan CRT.
Refresh rate depends upon the size of the file.
Refreshes by scanning the list 30 to 60 times
per second.
More suited for line-drawing applications such
as architecture and manufacturing
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Random-scan
Displays
2. Architecture of Random Scan System
Simple architecture
(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)
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Display Processor
Purpose of display processor or graphics
controller is to keep CPU free from various
graphics chores. Scan Conversion is the major
process done by display Processor. Scan
Conversion is the process of digitizing a picture
defination into a set of intensity values for the
purpose of storing them into frame buffer.
Dispaly Processor scan converts lines, curves,
arcs, polygons.
Random-scan
Displays
3. Advantages:
Good quality lines
High Resolution
Easy animation and requires little memory
4. Disadvantages:
The major disadvantage of random scan system is that thet are
line drawing applications cannot display realistic shaded scenes.
Limited screen density, limited to simple, line-based images
Limited color capability.
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Raster-scan Displays
1. Introduction
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Raster-scan display is the most common type of
monitor using a CRT.
A raster is a matrix of pixels covering the screen area
and is composed of raster lines.
The electron beam scans the screen from top to
bottom one row at a time. Each row is called a scan
line.
The electron beam is turned on and off to produce a
collection of dots painted one row at a time. These
will form the image.
Computer Graphics
Raster-scan Displays
(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)
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Raster-scan Displays
2. Refresh Procedure
Retracing
Horizontal retrace beam returns to left of screen
Vertical retrace bean returns to top left corner of screen
Blanking
Horizontal Retrace Blanking
Vertical Retrace Blanking
Interlacing
display first even-numbered lines, then odd-numbered lines
permits to see the image in half the time
useful for slow refresh rates (30 Hz shows as 60 Hz).
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Refresh Rates and Bandwidth
Frames per second (FPS)
Interlaced Scanning
Scan frame 30 times per second
To reduce flicker, divide frame into
two fieldsone consisting of the
even scan lines and the other of the
odd scan lines.
Even and odd fields are scanned out
alternately to produce an interlaced
image.
Raster-scan Displays
Over scanning
Scan lines extended beyond visibility edge as there is limit on
speed of sweep generator
Avoid cracking at borders and distortion
Top and Bottom Vertical Over scanning
Left and Right Horizontal Over scanning
Refresh rate
24 is a minimum to avoid flicker, corresponding to 24 Hz (1
Hz = 1 refresh per second)
Current raster-scan displays have a refresh rate of at least 60
frames (60 Hz) per second, up to 120 (120 Hz).
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Raster-scan Displays
3. Architecture of Raster Scan System
Simple architecture
(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)
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Raster-scan Displays
Architecture with reserved Frame Buffer
(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)
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Raster-scan Displays
Architecture with reserved Frame Buffer and separate
Display Processor
(from Donald Hearn and Pauline Baker)
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Raster-scan Displays
3.1 Frame Buffer
Also called Refresh Buffer, contains picture definition
The image is stored in a frame buffer containing the total
screen area and where each memory location corresponds
to a pixel.
Consider it as 2-D memory array
E.g. Frame buffer
size 8x8
Color depth 8 (values 0-7)
Uses large memory:
640x480 307200 bits 38 kB
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Raster-scan Displays
Bitmap In a monochrome system, each bit is 1 or 0 for
the corresponding pixel to be on or off making frame a
bitmap.
The display processor scans the frame buffer to turn
electron beam on/off depending if the bit is 1 or 0.
Example Bitmap
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Raster vs. Random-scan
Displays
RASTER
DISPLAY MECHANISM
DRAWING UNIT
IMAGE STORAGE
IMAGE TYPES
IMAGE QUALITY
REFRESHING
REFRESH RATE
ANIMATIONS
COLORS
COLOR TECHNIQUE
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RANDOM
E-beam traces entire screen from
upper left corner to bottom right
E-beam can highlight random
positions on the screen
Pixel
Line
Frame Buffer
Display File
Can display very complex images with Wire Frame modeling
greater accuracy
May be Jagged due to digitization
Diagonal Lines are produced with
lower intensity
Smooth lines as e-beam directly
follows the line path
Diagonal Lines are produced with
equal intensity
Entire Screen has to be refreshed
Only selected portions are redrawn
Maximum 80 Hz
Higher refresh rates.
Supported
Not supporting
Higher Color Depth
Lesser colors and shades
Shadow Masking
Beam Penetration
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