What is an Engineering

Drawing ?
An Engineering Drawing is a technical (not artistic)
drawing which
clearly defines and communicates a design to other
interested parties.
Other parties may have an interest in design
collaboration, procurement / purchasing, costing,
manufacturing, quality control, marketing, handling /
packaging.

13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 1
7
 What is Engineering
Drawing

13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 2
7
 Role of Graphics

Visualization
Communication
Documentation

13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 3
7
 Role of
Graphics

1200 CE, 73 meter high minar with 14.32 meter diameter

at the base and 2.75 meter diameter at the peak. It has inside

13/01/201 stair with 379 steps.

Introduction to Engg. Graphics 4
7
 Applications of Engineering
Drawing Ships

13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 5
7
 Applications of Engineering
Drawing
Manufacturing of Automobiles

13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 6
7
 Applications of Engineering
Drawing Construction

13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 7
7
 Introduction

Drawing:
The way of conveying the ideas through the systematic
lines on the paper. The art of representation of an object by
systematic lines on a paper.

Classification:
1. Artistic Drawing
2. Engineering Drawing

13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 8
7
 1. Artistic Drawing

The art of representation of an object by the artist by his imagination

or by keeping the object before him.
e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement boards, etc.
13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 9
7
 2. Engineering Drawing

The art of representation of engineering

objects.
13/01/201 e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc.
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 10
7
 Drawing Instruments

1. Drawing Board 12. Drawing Pencils H, 2H, HB

2. Drawing Sheet 13. Sand Paper
3. Drawing Sheet Holder 14. Eraser (Rubber)
4. Set-squares 45o and 30o 60o 15. Drawing Pins and Clips
5. Large size Compass 16. Cello Tape
6. Small bow Compass 17. Duster or Handkerchief
7. Large size Divider 18. Drafting Machine / Mini
8. Small bow Divider Drafter
9. Scales 6 and 12 19. Sketch Book (Medium size)
10. Protractor 20. Roller Scale
11. French Curve 21. Pencil Sharpener
13/01/201 22. Sheet
Introduction to Engg. Folder
Graphics 11
7
 Drawing Instruments

13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 12
7
 Use of Drawing
Instruments

13/01/201
Introduction to Engg. Graphics 13
7
 Layout of Drawing Sheet

20
150

50
Title Block

20
30 20

All the dimensions are in millimeters.

19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 14
7
 Title Block (Sample)

NAME:
10

20
ROLL NO.:
10

LINES
10

10
SEM. & SEC.:

SUB. DATE: & SHEET NO.: 01

10

10
LETTERING
10

10
GRADE: CHECKED BY:

50 50 50

NOTES:
All the dimensions are in millimeters.
19/01/201 Name andofRoll No.Dimensioning
should be written
Type Lines, and by ink-pen.
Lettering 15
7
 Sheet Size

19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 16
7
 LINES

Line Thickness:
Thickness varied according to the use of pen or pencil and the size & type
of the drawing.
For pencil, the lines can be divided into two line-groups:
Line-group
Thickness Lines
(mm)
0.2 Medium Out lines, dotted lines, cutting plane lines

0.1 Thin Centre lines, section lines, dimension lines, extension lines,
construction lines, leader lines, short-break lines and long-break
lines.

Important Notes:
In the finished drawing, all lines except construction lines should be dense, clean and uniform.
Construction lines should be drawn very thin and faint and should be hardly visible.
19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 17
7
 Types of Lines
Lines Description General Applications
A Continuous thick A1 Visible outlines
A2 Visible edges
B Continuous thin B1 Imaginary lines of intersection
(straight / curve) B2 Dimension lines
B3 Projection lines
B4 Leader lines
B5 Hatching or section lines
B6 Outlines of revolved sections in
B7 plane
Short centre lines
C Continuous thin C1 Limits of partial or interrupted
(free-hand) views and sections
C2 Short-break lines
D Continuous thin D1 Long-break lines
19/01/201 (straight with
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering
zigzags) 18
7
 Lines Description General Applications
E Dashed thick E1 Hidden outlines
E2 Hidden edges
F Dashed thin F1 Hidden outlines
F2 Hidden edges
G Chain thin G1 Centre lines
G2 Lines of symmetry
G3 Trajectories
H Chain thin, thick at H1 Cutting planes
ends and changes of
direction
J Chain thick J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to
which a special treatment applies
K Chain thin double- K1 Outlines of adjacent parts
dashed K2 Alternative and extreme positions
of movable parts
K3 Centroidal lines
K4 Parts situated in front of the
19/01/201
7 cutting
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and plane
Lettering 19
 G1
G3
H1
P P

E1
80o

K2
A1 90
J1
B2 B4
B5
10

C1
D1

Application of various types of lines according to B.I.S.

19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 20
7
19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 21
7
19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 22
7
 Lettering
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other important particulars on a drawing is lettering
Classification:
1. Single-stroke Letters:
The thickness of the line of the letter is obtained in one stroke of the pencil.
Recommended by B.I.S.
It has two types:
i. Vertical
ii. Inclined (slope 75o with the horizontal)
. The ratio of height to width varies but in most of the cases it is 6:5.
. Lettering is generally done in capital letters.
. The lower-case letters are generally used in architectural drawings.

19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 23
7
 The spacing between two letters should not be necessarily equal.
The letters should be so placed that they do not appear too close together
too much apart.
The distance between the words must be uniform and at least equal to
the height of the letters.
Lettering, except the dimension figures, should be underlined to make
them more prominent.
Size of Alphabets for Drawing:
Main titles -----------------------------------------6-8 mm
Sub titles ------------------------------------------3-6 mm
Notes, dimension figures, etc. ---------------3-5 mm
Drawing no. --------------------------------------10-12 mm

19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 24
7
 ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
d
d/2

OPQRSTUVWXYZ
1234567890
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy
19/01/201
z
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 25
7
 Dimensioning
The art of writing the various sizes or measurement on the finished drawing of an object.
Types of Dimensioning:
i. Size or Functional Dimensions (S):
It indicates sizes.
e.g. length, breadth, height, diameter, etc.
ii. Location or Datum Dimensions (L):
It shows location or exact position of various constructional details within the object.

L L S

S
L
19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 26
7
 Notations of Dimensioning

Symbol
Note 2 Holes, 12

Leader
(at 30o,45o,60o)

90

Extension line Dimension line Arrow-head

Dimension figure

X
3X
19/01/201 Arrow-head
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 27
7
 1. Dimension line:
Thin continuous line used to indicate the measurement.
2. Extension line:
Thin continuous line extending beyond the outline of the object.
3. Arrow-head:
Used to terminate the dimension line. Length : width ratio is 3:1.
Space filled up.
4. Note:
Gives information regarding specific operation relating to a feature.
5. Leader:
Thin continuous line connecting a note or a dimension figure with the feature to which it is applied.
Terminated by arrow-head or dot.
6. Symbol:
The representation of any object by some mark on the drawing.
It saves time and labour.
19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 28
7
 Units of Dimensioning

As for as possible all dimensions should be given in

millimeters omitting the abbreviation mm.
If another unit is used, only the dimension figures should
be written. But a foot note such as All the dimensions are
in centimeters is inserted in a prominent place near the
title box.
e.g. 15.50
0.75 (Zero must precede the decimal
point.)
19/01/201 15.50 .75 ( Zero is omitted.)
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 29
7
 The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

20
20 15 25
35

60

Chain Parallel

19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 30
7
 The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

15 15

30 30

90 60 45 30 0 15 30

Combined Progressive
19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 31
7
 The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

1. Chain Dimensioning:
Dimensions are arranged in a straight line.
2. Parallel Dimensioning:
All the dimensions are shown from a common base line.
The smaller dimension is placed nearer the view.
3. Combined Dimensioning:
Chain and parallel dimensioning used simultaneously.
4. Progressive Dimensioning:
One datum or surface is selected which reads as zero. All the dimensions are referred to that
point or surface.

19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 32
7
 Types of Dimensioning
1.Aligned System
In the aligned system the
dimensions are placed
perpendicular to the dimension
line in such a way that it may be
read from bottom edge or right
hand edge of the drawing sheet.
2. Unidirectional System
In the unidirectional system,
the dimensions are so oriented
such that they can be read from
19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 33
7
 Some Important Rules for Dimensioning

1. All the dimensions necessary for the correct functioning of the part should be expressed directly on
the drawing.
2. Every dimension should be given, but none should be given more than once.
3. A dimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown more clearly.
4. Dimensions should be placed outside the view, as for as possible.
5. Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between hidden lines should be avoided.
Also it should not cross any other line of the drawing.
6. An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension line. A centre line may be
extended to serve as an extension line.
7. Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
8. Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away from the outlines and from each other.
9. The extension line should be extended by about 3 mm beyond the dimension line.

19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 34
7
 10. When the space is too narrow, the arrow-head may be placed outside.
Also a dot may be used to replace an arrow-head.
10
15 10 15 15 10

11. The various methods of dimensioning different sizes of circles are as

follows:
20 20
10

30

12. Arcs of circles should be dimensioned by their respective radii.

R8

0 R3
R2

R6
19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 35
7
 13. Radii of a spherical surface and square cross section of a rod is shown
as below:
Sphere R20 SQ24

14. Angular dimension may be given as follows:

120 o
20 o

25o

45
40

19/01/201
Length of Arc
Length of Chord Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 36
7
 15. Method of dimensioning of Chamfer:
245o

16. Dimensioning of Tapered Surface:

1:20

H
h

Slope or Taper = (H-h)/L

19/01/201
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 37
7
 SCALES

DIMENSIONS OF LARGE OBJECTS MUST BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE

ON STANDARD SIZE DRAWING SHEET.THIS REDUCTION CREATES A SCALE FOR FULL SIZE SCALE
OF THAT REDUCTION RATIO, WHICH IS GENERALLY A FRACTION.. R.F.=1 OR ( 1:1 )
SUCH A SCALE IS CALLED REDUCING SCALE MEANS DRAWING
AND & OBJECT ARE OF
THAT RATIO IS CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR. SAME SIZE.
Other RFs are described
SIMILARLY IN CASE OF TINY OBJECTS DIMENSIONS MUST BE INCREASED as
FOR ABOVE PURPOSE. HENCE THIS SCALE IS CALLED ENLARGING SCALE. 1:10, 1:100,
1:1000, 1:1,00,000
HERE THE RATIO CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR IS MORE THAN UNITY.

USE FOLLOWING FORMULAS FOR THE CALCULATIONS IN THIS TOPIC.

DIMENSION OF DRAWING
A REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR (R.F.) =
DIMENSION OF OBJECT
LENGTH OF DRAWING
=
ACTUAL LENGTH
AREA OF DRAWING
=
V ACTUAL AREA
VOLUME AS PER DRWG.
= 3
V ACTUAL VOLUME

B
19/01/201 LENGTH OF SCALE = R.F. MAX. LENGTH TO BE MEASURED.
Type of Lines, Dimensioning and Lettering 38
7