Material and Modul Membran

Membrane Separation
Techniques
Membrane separation (MS) techniques
have experienced high growth in recent
years and are widely being applied in the
industry today as they are intended to
fulfill the following necessities:
Demand for higher quality products
Increased regulatory pressures
The rising interest in preserving natural
resources
Environmental and economic sustainability.
 Increasing applicability
Among its many strengths, some of the reasons for the
increased applicability of membrane separation processes are:
Appreciable energy savings: Low energy consumption because
these systems operate near room temperature.
Clean technology with operational ease.
Compact and modular design (using less space than cumbersome
traditional methods).
Produce high-quality products due to the high selectivity of the
membranes.
Allow the recovery of salable by-products from waste streams,
which increases their profitability.
Greater flexibility in designing systems.
Easy incorporation to presently existing industrial plants.
 Membrane separation
techniques
The basic objective of membrane separation processes is the selective
permeation of one or more species through a membrane, thereby
achieving separation.
Retentate
Feed
Membrane
Pump

Permeate
Schematic representation of a membrane separation unit.
According to IUPAC, a membrane is a structure, having lateral dimensions much
greater than its thickness, through which mass transfer may occur under a variety of
driving forces.
Since membranes avoid the flow of liquid, the transport through the membrane is by:
Sorption: It refers either to adsorption or absorption of the particles in the
membrane.
Diffusion: The movement of particles from areas of high concentration to
areas of low concentration. For diffusion to occur, the membrane must be
permeable to molecules
The permeability describes the rate of transport of particles through membranes.
 Membrane separation techniques can be
applied in different sections of the process.

Up-stream process In-course process Down-stream process

section section section
By-poduct
Feed stream 1 PROCESS Residue
Final Product
Feed stream 2
By-product for sale
Fluid preparation Fluid regeneration, Purification, production
production recovery, effluent
revalorization

Membrane Separation Processes can differ from one another in

the type and configuration of the membrane, the mechanism of
trans-membrane transport for various water solution components
and, the nature of the process driving force.
 Common Definitions
Before we move on further with membrane separation and introduce
Reverse Osmosis (RO), the perusal of the following definitions is
useful.
a) Retentate: Stream retained at the high pressure side of
the membrane.
b) Permeate: Stream retained at the low pressure side of
the membrane.
c) Osmotic Flow (OF): The chemical potential difference
arising due to the difference in concentrations of the
solutes in solutions, results in the membrane permeation
of the carrier (usually water). This process occurs from
high chemical potential side (low concentration) to low
chemical potential (high concentration) side.
d) Osmotic Pressure (): The pressure necessary to stop
the osmosis process. Is the hydrostatic pressure that
must be applied to the side of a rigid ideal
semipermeable membrane with higher solute
concentration in order to stop the transport of solvent
 In the case of dilute solutions, osmotic pressure can be
predicted with Vant Hoffs equation:
CRT
Where C is the molar concentration of the solute, R
is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute
temperature.

f) Membrane packing density: It defines the effective

membrane area installed per volume of a module and is
the main indicator for the degree of pretreatment
necessary for the different modules in order to achieve a
safe and trouble-free long term operation.
 Membranes
The maximum separation reached in membrane processes depends on the
permeability of the membrane for the feed solution components.
A permeable membrane allows the passage of all dissolved substances and
the solvent.
A semipermeable membrane is capable of transporting different molecular
species at different rates under identical conditions. The ideal semipermeable
membrane in membrane processes is permeable to the solvent only but
impermeable to all solutes.
Membrane separation processes depend strongly on the chemical nature of
the membrane materials and the physical structure of the membranes.
The following are some desirable characteristics of
membranes:
Good permeability
High selectivity
Mechanical stability
Temperature stability
Ability to withstand large pressure differences
across membrane thickness
 MEMBRANE
CLASSIFICATIO
N
MEMBRANE

ORIGIN Synthetic Biologic

al
MATERIAL Liquid Solid

Organic Inorganic
MORPHOLOGY/
STRUCTURE
Non-porous Porous
 MEMBRANE
Discrimination
CLASSIFICATIO
according to size of
N particles or
molecules. The
mechanism on
which separation is
Discrimination based is sieving or
according to filtrating. A gradient
MEMBRANE
in hydraulic
chemical
affinities pressure acts as the
between driving force.
ORIGIN Synthetic Biologic
components and
membrane al
materials.
MATERIAL Liquid Solid

Organic Inorganic
MORPHOLOGY/
STRUCTURE
Non-porous Porous
 Mass transport through these
MEMBRANE membranes is described by the
CLASSIFICATIO solution-diffusion model as
follows:
N
Sorption of a component out of
the feed mixture and solution
in the membrane material.
Transport through the
membrane
MEMBRANEalong a potential
gradient.
Desorption on the second side
ORIGIN Synthetic of the membrane. Biologic
al

MATERIAL Liquid Solid

Organic Inorganic
MORPHOLOGY/
STRUCTURE
Non-porous Porous
 MEMBRANE
CLASSIFICATIO
Constructed by a single material and
N because of this reason, the membrane is
SYMMETRIC
uniform in density and pore structure
(HOMOGENOUS)
throughout the cross-section.

Skinned type: consist of a dense skinned

layer used as primary filtration barrier and, a
thick and more porous understructure that
serves as support structure.
May be either homogeneous or
According to heterogeneous and are
the Physical ASYMMETRI characterized by a density change
Structure C given by the membrane material
(trans-wall across the cross sectional area.
symmetry)

Graded density type: the porous structure

gradually decreases in density from the
This quality feed to the filtrate side of the membrane.
describes
the level of Constituted by different
uniformity COMPOSITE (heterogeneous) materials, the
throughout (HETEROGENOU membranes have a thin, dense layer
S)
the cross- that serves as the filtration barrier. But,
section of unlike skinned membranes,
the is made of different material than the
 Materials used
PTFE,
PTFE, teflon
teflon
Synthetic polymeric membranes: PVDF
PVDF
PP
PP
a) Hydrophobic PE
PE
b) Hydrophilic
Cellulose
Cellulose esters
esters
PC
PC
Ceramic membranes PSf/PES
PSf/PES
PI/PEI
PI/PEI
Alumina,
Alumina, AlAl22O
O33 PA
PA
Zirconia, PEEK
PEEK
Zirconia, ZrO
ZrO22
Titania,
Titania, TiO
TiO22
Silicium
Silicium Carbide,
Carbide, SiC
SiC
 Polimer

Polymers are macromolecules built up by

the linking together of large numbers of
much smaller molecules
The small molecules that combine with each
other to form polymer molecules are termed
monomers, and the reactions by which they
combine are termed polymerizations
https://www.membrane-
 Materials used

Ceramic MF membranes

nodec, anodic oxidation (surface)

US Filter, sintering (cross section, upper par
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http://www.itn-nanovation.com/products/technology/ceramic-flat-
 Oxygen ionconducting ceramic
membranes

Technology has the potential to reduce the cost of producing

syngas by 1020% by reducing the cost of the oxygen supply
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Module Membrane
 Modules
A module is the simplest membrane element that can be
used in practice.
Module design must deal with the following issues:

1.
1. Economy
Economy of
of manufacture
manufacture4.
4. Minimum
Minimum waste
waste of
of energy
energy

2.
2. Membrane
Membrane integrity
integrity against
against 5.
5. Easy
Easy egress
egress of
of
damage
damage and
and leaks
leaks permeate
permeate

3.
3. Sufficient
Sufficient mass
mass transfer
transfer to
to keep
keep6.
6. Permit
Permit the
the membrane
membrane
polarization
polarization in
in control
control to
to be
be cleaned
cleaned
Flat Sheet Membrane
Spiral Wound Membran
 Modules: tubular

Membranes diameter: >0.5 mm

Active layer: inside the tube
Flux velocity: high (up to 5 m/s)
Tube: reinforced with fiberglass
or stainless steel
Number of tubes: 4-18
Flux: one or more channels
Cleaning: easy
Surface area/volume: low
 Modules: hollow fiber
Fibers: 300 5000 per module
Fibers diameter: <0.5 mm
Flux velocity: low (up to 2.5 m/s)
Feed: inside-out or outside-in
Surface area/volume: high
Pressure drop: low (up to 1 bar)
Maintenance: hard
Cleaning: poor
Bentuk Pori Membrane
 The
Theactive
activelayer
layerisissupported
supported
over
overthe
theporous
porouslayer.
layer.
The
Thecross
crosssection
section
shows
showsaa uniform
uniform
and
andregular
regularstructure
structure
 Ultrafiltration
Membranes used:
Polymeric
- polysulfone/poly(ether sulfone)/sulfonated polysulfone
- poly(vinylidene fluoride)
- polyacrilonitrile
- cellulosics
- polyimide/poly(ether imide)
- aliphatic polyamides
- polyetheretherketone
Ceramic
- alumina (Al2O3)
- zirconia (ZrO2)