Shaft and Shaft Components
6th teaching
What will be learned today?
What is Shaft and Axle?
Shaft Materials
Shaft Components and Layout
Factors Effecting on Shaft Design
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections
Critical Speed for Shafts
What is Shaft and Axle?
Shaft is a rotating member.
Usually, its cross section is of circular.
Shaft transmits power or motion.
Shaft
What is Shaft and Axle?
Shaft is a rotating member.
Usually, its cross section is of circular.
Shaft transmits power or motion.
Axle is a non-rotating member.
Usually, its cross section is of circular.
Axle transmits no power or motion.
Axle is used to support rotating
wheels, pulleys and the like.
Axle
Shaft Materials and Geometry
Stress is affected by strengths. Then the decision is based on the
Material properties.
Low carbon steel
Cold-drawn steel ANSI 1020 - 1050
Hot-rolled steel
Deflection is affected by rigidity (stiffness as represented by modulus of
elasticity). Then the decision is based on the Material geometry.
If strength considerations turn out to dominate over deflections, then a
higher strength materials should be tried, allowing the shaft sizes to be
reduced until excess deflection becomes an issue.
Shaft Components and Layout1
Shaft Components
Shaft Components and Layout2
Shaft layout must be specified early in the design process in order to
perform a free body force analysis and to obtain shear-moment diagram.
The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped cylinder or of a
shouldered cylinder.
Axial layout of components
Shaft Components and Layout3
Shaft layout must be specified early in the design process in order to
perform a free body force analysis and to obtain shear-moment diagram.
The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped cylinder or of a
shouldered cylinder.
Axial layout of components
Supporting axial load
Shaft Components and Layout4
Shaft layout must be specified early in the design process in order to
perform a free body force analysis and to obtain shear-moment diagram.
The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped cylinder or of a
shouldered cylinder.
Axial layout of components
Supporting axial load
Torque transmission
Keys
Splines
Stescrews
Pins
Shaft Components and Layout5
Shaft layout must be specified early in the design process in order to
perform a free body force analysis and to obtain shear-moment diagram.
The geometry of a shaft is generally that of a stepped cylinder or of a
shouldered cylinder.
Axial layout of components
Supporting axial load
Torque transmission
Assembly and disassembly
Factors Effecting on Shaft Design
Stress and strength
Static strength
Fatigue strength
Deflection and rigidity
Bending deflection
Torsional deflection
Slope at bearings and shaft-supported elements
Vibration due to natural frequency
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections1
Critical locations are the following locations,
Outer surface
Axial locations where the bending moment is large or torque is present
Locations where the stress concentration exist
Stresses in a solid shaft with round cross section
where and are the midrange and alternating bending moments
where and are the midrange and alternating bending moments
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections2
von Mises stresses
For a shaft made of ductile materials, the stress concentration factors
can be set to 1 for the mean stress.
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections3
Use of von Mises stresses by substitution of von Mises stresses into
fatigue failure criteria
DE-Goodman
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections4
Use of von Mises stresses by substitution of von Mises stresses into
fatigue failure criteria
DE-Gerber
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections5
Use of von Mises stresses by substitution of von Mises stresses into
fatigue failure criteria
DE-Soderberg
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections6
Use of von Mises stresses by substitution of von Mises stresses into
fatigue failure criteria
DE-ASME Elliptic
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections7
Use of von Mises stresses by substitution of von Mises stresses into
fatigue failure criteria
Yielding
Ex. 7-1
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections4
Stress concentration
The problem occurs when one start to design a shaft for the first time
since one cannot know the stress concentration factors.
Shaft Design for Stress and Deflections4
Stress concentration
The problem occurs when one starts to design a shaft for the first
time since one cannot know the stress concentration factors.
How to figure it out?
Critical Speed for Shafts1
If shaft is unbalance due to the imperfection of the materials, it will
vibrate at some values of speed of shaft. This speed is called critical
speeds.
When the shaft speed reaches the critical speed the shaft is unstable,
with deflections increasing without upper bound. Then it fails.
There are two methods to find the critical speed.
Rayleighs method
Dunkerleys method
Critical Speed for Shafts2
Rayleighs method: first critical speed
where is the weight of the ith location and is the deflection at the
ith body location and is the gravitational acceleration.
Critical Speed for Shafts3
Influence coefficient is the deflection at i due to a unit load at j.
Critical Speed for Shafts4
Influence coefficient matrix
where n is the shaft segments.
Critical Speed for Shafts5
Dunkerleys method: first critical speed
Ex. 7-5
