Atomic Structure Part II
Signor Rinno D. Montales
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
British physicist, believed in the plum pudding model
of the atom.
With his associate Hans Geiger(1882-1945) a
German physicist, studied the alpha particles emitted
by radium which was isolated by Marie and Pierre
Curie.
Alpha particles are found to be helium atoms with
their electrons removed, positively charged and mass
of 2500 times that of the electron.
Rutherfords Experimental Design
Gold foil
aParticle
emitter
Slit
Detecting screen
(a)
Gold foil
aParticle
emitter
Slit
Detecting screen
(a)
Gold foil
aParticle
emitter
Slit
Detecting screen
(a)
Florescent
Screen
Lead Uranium
block
Gold Foil
Rutherfords Hypotheses
The alpha particles to pass through without
changing direction very much
Because most of the mass of the atom (positive
charges) were spread. Alone they were not
enough to stop the alpha particles
If the Thomson model were correct, all the alpha
particles, travelling at high speeds and massive,
would have passed through the metal foil
undeflected or only slightly deflected
What he expected
Because
Because, he thought the mass was
evenly distributed in the atom
Because, he thought
the mass was evenly
distributed in the
atom
What he got
They observed that although majority of the alpha particles passed through undeflected,
some were only slightly deflected, some were scattered by more than 90 degrees and a few
by nearly 180 degrees or almost completely turned back
How he explained it
Atom consists of a very small nucleus
surrounded by electrons. Rutherford
estimated the radius at 10-12 to
10-13 cm compared to radius of
the atom of about 10-8 cm
The nucleus contains most of
+
the mass of the atom and all of
its positive charge.
Alpha particles are deflected by
nucleus it if they get close enough at each other
+
Ernest Rutherfords Model
(Nuclear Model of an Atom)
Bohrs Model
Electrons move in circular orbits around the nucleus
Adopted Plancks idea that energies are quantized
Three Phenomena
Black-body radiation
Photoelectric effect
Emission spectra
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The waves in the spectrum all travel at same speed through a
vacuum but differ in the frequency and, therefore, wavelength.
LINE SPECTRUM
Spectrum containing radiation of specific wavelengths
Energy states of a Hydrogen Atom
When a sample of gaseous H atoms is excited, different
atoms absorb different quantities of energy
Each atom has one electron, but so many atoms are
present that all the energy levels (orbit) are populated by
electrons
Ground state lowest energy level (n = 1)
Excited state - higher energy level (n= 2)
When dropped from n = 3 orbit (second
excited state) = infrared series or lines were
emitted by photons PASCHEN SERIES
When dropped from n = 2 orbit (first excited
state) = visible series or lines BALMER
SERIES
When dropped from n = 1 orbit (ground
state) = ultraviolet series or lines LYMAN
SERIES
An electron could jump from one allowed
energy state to another by emitting or
absorbing photons whose energy corresponds
exactly to the energy difference between the
two states.
E = Ef Ei
Line spectra are produced because these
energy changes correspond to photons of
specific wavelengths
The PARTICLE Nature of Light
Blackbody Radiation
Light given off by hot objects
Wavelength distribution of the radiation depends on
temperature
red-hot object being cooler than a white-hot one
MAX PLANCK ( 1858-1947)
Energy can be released or absorbed by atoms only in
discrete chunks of some minimum size.
Quantum fixed amount, smallest amount of energy
that can be mitted or absorbed as electromagnetic
radiation.
Hot glowing object could emit (or absorb) only certain
quantities of energy
E = energy of radiation
v= frequency
h= Plancks constant ( 6.63 x 10-34 joule-seconds)
Hot objects radiation is emitted by the atoms contained
within it.
The atom itself can have only certain quantities of energy.
The energy is quantized- values are restricted only in
certain quantities
CONTINUOUS QUANTIZED
Photoelectric Effect
Emission of electrons from metal surfaces on which light
shines
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1905)
Used Plancks quantum theory to explain the
photoelectric effect
Radiant energy striking the metal surface is a stream of
energy packets
PHOTON
Behaves like a particle
Has an energy proportional to
Energy of photon= E = hv
A photon transfers its energy to an electron in the metal.
A certain amount of energy is required to overcome the
attractive forces that hold it within the metal.
Three postulates of Bohr
Only orbits of certain radii, corresponding to certain energies,
are permitted for electrons in an atom called STATIONARY
STATES. fixed circular orbit
An electron in a permitted orbit has a specific energy and is in
an allowed energy state. Electron will not radiate energy
while moving within an orbit.
Energy is only emitted or absorbed by an electron as it
changes from one allowed energy state to another. This energy
is emitted or absorbed as a photon.
Ephoton = Estate A Estate B = hv
