DATA

DATA COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION AND
AND
NETWORKING
NETWORKING

CHAPTER 1 - PRELIM

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DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Is the exchange of data

between two devices via some
form of transmission medium
such as a wire cable.

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3 Fundamental Characteristics:
1. Delivery. The system must
deliver data to the correct
destination.
2. Accuracy. The system must
deliver the data accurately
3. Timeliness. The system must
deliver data in a timely
manner.
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Components

1. Message. Is the information

(data) to be communicated.
2. Sender. Is the device that
sends the data message.
3. Receiver. Is the device that
receives the message.

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4. Medium. Is the physical path
by which a message travels
from the sender to receiver.
5. Protocol. Is a set of rules
that govern data
communications. It
represents an agreement
between the communicating
devices.
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 Direction of Data Flow
Transmission Modes
1. Simplex Mode, the communication is
unidirectional. Only one of the two
devices on a link can transmit; the
other can only receive.
2. Half-Duplex, each station can both
transmit and receive, but not at
the same time.
3. Full-Duplex (also called duplex),
both stations can transmit and
receive simultaneously.
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 NETWORKS
Is a set of devices (often
referred to as nodes) connected
by communication links.

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Distributed Processing

In which task is divided among

multiple computers. Instead of
a single large machine being
responsible for all aspects of
a process, separate computers
(usually a PC or workstation)
handle a subset.

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 Network Criteria
1. Performance can be measured in many
ways, including transit time and
response time. The performance of a
network depends on a number of
factors,
 Number of users
 Type of transmission medium
 Capabilities of the connected hardware
 Efficiency of the software
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2. Reliability is measured by,
 Frequency of failure
 Time it takes to recover from a
failure
 Robustness in a catastrophe
3. Security issues include
protecting data from,
 Unauthorized users
 viruses
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 Physical Structures
Line Configuration

A network is two or more devices

connected together through Links.

Link is a communications pathway

that transfers data from one
device to another.

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There are two possible type of
connections/line configurations:
1. Point-to-point, connection
provides a dedicated link
between two devices. The entire
capacity of the link is reserved
for transmission between those
two devices.
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2. Multipoint (also called
multidrop)connection is one in
which more than two specific
devices share a single link.

The capacity of the channel is

shared, either spatially or
temporally (timeshare).

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Physical Topology
Refers to the way in which a network
is laid out physically. Two or more
devices connect to a link; two or more
links form a topology.

Is the geometric representation of the

relationship of all the links and
linking devices (usually called nodes)
to one another.
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Four Basic Topologies:
1. Mesh. Every device has a
dedicated point-to-point link
to every other device. A fully
connected mesh network has n(n-
1)/2 physical channels to link
n devices. Every device on the
network must have n-1
input/output (I/O) ports.
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Advantages of Mesh:
a) Eliminates the traffic problems that
can occur when links must be shared
by multiple devices.
b) Robust. If one link becomes
unusable, it does not incapacitate
the entire system.
c) Privacy or Security
d) Makes fault identification and fault
isolation easy. Traffic can routed
to avoid links with suspected
problems.
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Disadvantages of Mesh:
a) Because every device must be
connected to every other device,
installation and reconfiguration are
difficult.
b) The sheer bulk of the wiring can be
greater than the available space (in
walls, ceilings, or floors) can
accommodate.
c) The hardware required to connect
each link (I/O ports and cable) can
be prohibitively expensive.
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2. Star. A topology in which each
device has a dedicated point-to-
point link only to a central
controller, usually called a hub.
The controller acts as an
exchange: if one device wants to
send data to another, it sends
the data to the controller, which
then relays the data to the other
connected device.
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Advantages of Star:
a) Less expensive than a mesh topology.
b) Each device needs only one link and
one I/O port to connect it to any
number of others. Thus, make it easy
to install and reconfigure.
c) Less cabling needs to be housed, and
additions, moves, and deletions
involve only one connection: between
that device and the hub.
d) Robustness
e) Easy fault identification and fault
isolation.
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Disadvantages of Star:
Each node must be linked to a
central hub. For these reason more
cabling is required in a star than
in some other topologies (such as
tree, ring, or bus).

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3. Bus. A network topology in which
all computers are attached to a
shared medium (often a single
cable). One long cable acts as a
backbone to link all the devices
in the network. Nodes are
connected to the bus cable by
drop lines and taps. Bus topology
is multipoint.
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A drop line is a connection running
between the device and the main
cable. A tap is a connector that
either splices into the main cable
or punctures the sheathing of a
cable to create a contact with the
metallic core.

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Advantages of Bus:
a) Ease of installation.

b) Use less cabling than mesh, or

star topologies.

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Disadvantages of Bus:
a) Difficult reconfiguration and fault
isolation.
b) A fault or break in the bus cable
stops all transmission, even between
devices on the same side of the
problem. The damage area reflects
signals back in the direction of
origin, creating noise in both
directions.
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4. Ring. Each device has a dedicated
point-to-point connection only
with the two devices on either
side of it. A signal is passed
along the ring in one direction,
from device to device, until it
reaches its destination. Each
device in the ring incorporates a
repeater.
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Advantages of Ring:
a) Easy to install and
reconfigure.
b) Fault isolation is simplified.

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Disadvantages of Ring:
a) Unidirectional traffic.

b) A break in the ring (such as

disabled station) can disable
the entire network. This
weakness can be solved by using
dual ring or a switch capable
of closing off the break.
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 Categories of Networks
Size Ownership Distance it
covers
LAN Few Privately owned Links devices 2 PCs & a
kilometers, in a single printer, in a
licensing office building house or
restrictions or campus office, 4 TO
on the # of 16 Mbps range
users per copy up to 100
of software or Mbps, voice,
access of OS sound, &
video
peripherals,
Bus, Ring, &
star
MAN 3 to 30 miles Maybe wholly Entire city,
owned and may be a single
operated by a network such as
private company, cable TV
or it maybe network, LAN to
service provided LAN (co. use a
by a public MAN to connect
company, such as the LANs in all
a local telephone offices
company. throughout the
city
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 Categories of Networks

Size Ownership Distance it

covers

WAN Unlimited # of Public leased Large Data, voice,

miles through AT&T, geographical image & video
MCI, SPRINT areas information.
or private (country,
communication continent,
devices or whole world
combination

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The Internet – A Brief
History

An internet (note the lowercase

letter i) is two or more networks
that can communicate with each
other. The most notable internet is
called the Internet (uppercase
letter I), a collaboration of more
than hundreds of thousands
interconnected networks.

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 Milestones
Mid-1960s
 Mainframe computers in research organizations
were stand-alone devices.
 ARPA in the DOD
1967
 ACM meeting ARPA presented its ideas for
ARPANET
 interface message processor (IMP).
1969
 ARPANET was a reality.
 Four nodes: UCLA, UCSB, SRI, University of
Utah
 Network Control Protocol (NCP)

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 Milestones
1972
 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn collaborated on
Internetting Project
 1973 paper outlined the protocols to achieve
end-to-end delivery of packets.
 Paper on TCP included concepts such as
encapsulation, the datagram, and the functions
of a gateway.
TCP split into two protocols: TCP and IP
 IP would handle datagram routing
 TCP would be responsible for higher-level
functions such as segmentation, reassembly,
and error detection. The internetworking
protocol became known as TCP/IP.

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 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
Protocol
Is a set of rules that govern data
communication. For communication to
occur they must agree on a protocol.
A protocol defines what, how, when it
is communicated. The key elements of
a protocol are syntax, semantics, and
timing.

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 Key Elements of a Protocol

1. Syntax refers to the structure or

format of the data, meaning the
order in which they are presented.
2. Semantics refers to the meaning of
each section of bits. How a
particular pattern to be
interpreted, and what action is to
be taken based on that
interpretation?
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 Key Elements of a Protocol

3. Timing refers to two

characteristics: when data
should be sent and how fast
they can be sent.

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 Standards
Standards are essential in
creating and maintaining an open
and competitive market.
They provide guidelines to
manufacturers, vendors,
government agencies, and other
service providers to ensure the
kind of interconnectivity.

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 Categories of Standards

1. De facto (by fact). Standards

that have not been approved by
an organized body but have been
adopted as standards through
widespread use.
2. De jure (by law). Those that
have been legislated by an
officially recognized body.
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 Standard Organizations

Standards are develop through the

cooperation of standards creation
committees, forums, and
government regulatory agencies.

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 Standard Creation Committees
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
 Multinational body
 Created in 1947
 OSI
International Telecommunication Union-
Telecommunication Standards (ITU-T)
 Consultative Committee for International
Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT)
 Best known standards are V series: define
transmission over public digital networks, and X
series: define transmission over public digital
networks.

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 Standard Creation Committees
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 U.S. voting representative to both ISO and ITU-T.
 Members include professional societies, industry
associations, governmental and regulatory bodies,
and consumer groups.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
 Largest national professional group involved in
developing standards for computing, communication,
electrical engineering, and electronics.
 Sponsored an important standard for LAN called
Project 802 (e.g. 802.3, 802.4, 802.5)

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 Standard Creation Committees

Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

 An association of electronic manufacturers in the
U.S.
 Responsible for developing the EIA-232-D, EIA-449,
and EIA-530 define serial transmission between
two digital devices (e.g. computer to modem)

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 Forums
Telecommunications technology
development is moving faster than
the ability of standard
committees to ratify standards.
Forums consist of representatives
from corporations, they work with
universities, and users that
test, evaluate, and standardize
new technologies.
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 Regulatory Agencies
All communications technology is
subject to regulation by government
agencies such as the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) in the
United States. The purpose of these
agencies is to protect the public
interest by regulating radio,
television, and wire/cable
communications.

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