BODSaccharomyces cerevisiae.
Common Bakers Yeast,
Wine production
10,000 and 15,000 years
ago, a Mesopotamian
farmer likely discovered
the process
Replicates by budding
Eukaryotic system
Antibody production
Plasmids
Industrial and Food Production
Industrial Microbiology - Use of
microbes to obtain a product or service of
economic value constitutes industrial
microbiology.
Any process mediated by or involving
microorganisms in which a product of
economic value is obtained is called
fermentation
The terms industrial microbiology and
fermentation are virtually synonymous in
their scope, objectives and activities.
The microbial product may be microbial
cells (living or dead), microbial biomass,
and components of microbial cells,
intracellular or extracellular enzymes or
chemicals produced by the microbes
utilizing the medium constituents or the
provided substrate.
http://www.molecular-plant-
biotechnology.info/industrial-
microbiology/industrial-microbiology.htm
Products & Services
Degradation of Industrial
organic wastes microbiology also
Detoxification of encompasses
industrial wastes and activities like
toxic compounds, to production of
the degradation of biocontrol agents,
petroleum to manage inoculants used as
oil spills biofertilizers, etc.
The activities in industrial microbiology
begin with the isolation of microorganisms
from nature,
their screening for product formation,
improvement of product yields,
maintenance of cultures
mass culture using bioreactors
end with the recovery of products and their
purification.
Fermentor Scale up
Id interesting organism in nature
Flask 50ml-200ml
Laboratory Fermentor 1-10 l
Pilot Plant 300-3,000 l
Commercial Fermentor 10,000-500,000 l
Important Factors
Price of the product
Price of the engineering of the organism
Fermentor design and development
Product purification
Price of the fermentation
Price of raw ingredients
Energy Costs
Personnel Costs
Speed of the fermentation
Industrial production from Microbes
Foods
Additives (i.e.. Vitamins)
Whole Microbial foods (i.e.. Mushrooms, Yeast paste,
Single-cell-protein)
Fermentation products (Preservatives, Milk products,
alcohol production, cooking oil)
Antibiotics
Bioconversions (Bioremediation)
Medical or Research (Molecular Biology
enzymes, pharmaceuticals)
Metabolic Products (Cleaners)
Whole microbial foods
Single-Cell-Proteins-
mostly animal feeds
Yeasts paste
Mushrooms, Truffles,
and Morels
Cheese production
Starter Culture- Typically produces acids, use
up milk sugars, pH drops typically added with
Rennin (Cloned gene product)
Other organisms kick in as pH changes
Proteins ppt. out of solution (Miss Muffet)
Presses to remove excess water.
Secondary cultures added, bacterial or fungal
Contamination generally not immediately a
problem
Types of Cheeses
Colby, Cheddar, Cottage- 1 Lactococcus lactis
Gouda, Havarti- 1 Lactococcus lactis; 2 Leuconostoc
sp.
Limburger - 1 Lactococcus lactis; 2 Geotrichium
candidum, Brevibacterium, Micrococcus
Camembert- 1 Lactococcus lactis; 2 Penicillium
camemberti
Blue- 1 Lactococcus lactis; 2 Penicillium roqueforti
Swiss- 1 Streptococcus thermophilus, 2
Propionibacterium freundenreichii
Yogurt, et al.
Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus
delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
Buttermilk- 1 Lactococcus lactis; 2
Leuconostoc sp.
Yeast- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Bread to make breads rise
Alcohol production
Wine Preparation
Further Distillation
Brandy-Wine
Rum- Molasses
fermentation
Ales, Whisky-
Brewing
Vodka, Moonshine-
potatoes
Gin- Juniper berries
Other fermentation products
Soy Sauce- Aspergillus
Tobacco
Coffee and Tea- Erwinia
Sauerkraut, Kimchi
Green Olives
Country-cured Hams Aspergillus, Penicillin
Some uses of Amino Acids
Glutamate- MSG
Asparatate-Make less tart
Glycine-Sweetener
Metabolites
Primary vs.
Secondary
metabolites
Fermentation
processes
Antibiotics and amino
acids
How to increase
yield?
More places than you think
65% of all foods made with the help of
microorganisms
Additives
Preservatives
Sweeteners
Detergents
What do detergents need to be able to do?
BOD- Bacillus calmette-guerin
BCG Live
Anticancer drug,
notably Bladder
cancer
Acts as a super
antigen
Indiana
Fermentation: Streptomyces
Bioinsecticides (Spinosad)-Dow
AgroSciences
Antibiotics: Lilly:
Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic produced
by a strain of Streptomyces fradiae. The
compound is active against most gram-
positive bacteria, mycoplasma and certain
gram-negative bacteria.
Historically: Insulin, Penicillin
Water Treatment
Primary Treatment
metal screens or vertical bars-remove large
items
Grit chambers removes sand
primary sedimentation tank (Clarifier-sludge)
reduces the biochemical oxygen demand by 25-40%
reduces fecal coliform levels by 45-55%
sludge at the bottom diverted to an anaerobic
digester
biodegradable organics are reduced to carbon dioxide
and methane
A secondary sedimentation tank -concentrate
solids for recycle to the bioreactor
Secondary Treatment
Flow from the primary sedimentation tank,
and sludge sent to bioreactor -biological
consumption of organic material by
microorganisms.
activated sludge process
Activated sludge is able to oxidize
organics within 4-8 hours. 85-90%
reduction suspended solids, and removes
90-99% of the fecal coliforms
Tertiary Treatment
Chlorination strong oxidizing capacity of
chlorine destroys or inhibits the growth of
pathogens reduces odor and water color,
and oxidizes metal ions.
Ozone reacts readily with unsaturated
organics, and reduces foaming
Ultraviolet radiation may also be used. It
is effective at deactivating pathogens
Biotechnology
What to clone?
Pharmaceuticals
Growth hormones
Interleukins
Vaccines (tissue culture)
Biodegradation
Foods-Microbes?????
Additives
Bacterial pills
Biotechnology and Microbes
Cloning technologies
Bacterial
Eukaryotic
Tissue Cultures
Steps
Eukaryotic Gene to Prokaryotic Gene to
Prokaryotic Host Eukaryotic Host
Eukaryotes have introns, Barrier how to get gene
bacteria do not. in.
Isolate mRNA Technologies
Reverse Transcriptase
make ds DNA
Clone into Bacteria
Other Novel uses Biotechnology
GMO Lactobacilli
Cheese production
Novel Drug delivery system.
What do you think?
Novel Pharmaceuticals
Magic Bullets
Gene Therapy
Antisense Viral Drugs
The Future and a bit of the past
Microbes and War:
Boer War (1888)
Spanish American War (1989)
First World War (1914)
Second World War (1939)
Vietnam War (1964)
Montana Chainsaw Massacre
Gary Strobel
GMO Pseudomonas
syringe
Dutch Elms Disease
Did not follow U.
Montana or EPA
regulations
Accidental release of a GM virus
Londons Imperial
College
Virus contained
genes from hepatitis
C viruses and
Dengue fever
Will People buy GM products?
The case of
Vegetarian cheese
Franken foods
Ice-minus
Strawberries and
Pseudomonas
A Brave new World
Personalized
Medicine
Where to go next?
Bird Flu 2013-GM
derived synthetic
peptide
Big Supreme Court
Decision.
Putting things together
New personalized
treatments
DNA sequencing of
tumors; Gene
Chips
Synthetic peptides
Antimicrobial
New synthetic
antigens
Thinking outside of the box-
Sclerophthora macrospora
Crazy Top-Corn
pathogen
Hundreds of little
corn-letts
Potential
biotechnology?
