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Basic Mathematics For Geometric Modeling

The document discusses basic concepts for geometric modeling including coordinate systems, vectors, and their properties. It covers Cartesian and polar coordinates, defining and calculating vectors, and vector operations such as addition, scalar multiplication, dot products, and cross products. Formulas and examples are provided for converting between coordinate systems and calculating magnitudes, directions, and results of vector operations.

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Ahmed Ahmed
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64 views29 pages

Basic Mathematics For Geometric Modeling

The document discusses basic concepts for geometric modeling including coordinate systems, vectors, and their properties. It covers Cartesian and polar coordinates, defining and calculating vectors, and vector operations such as addition, scalar multiplication, dot products, and cross products. Formulas and examples are provided for converting between coordinate systems and calculating magnitudes, directions, and results of vector operations.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic mathematics for geometric

modeling
Coordinate Reference Frames
Cartesian Coordinate (2D)
y

(x, y)

Polar coordinate
r

Relationship : polar & cartesian
Y
P P
y
r r

y
x
x x

Use trigonometric, polar cartesian


x = r cos , y = r sin

Cartesian polar

r = x2 + y2, = tan-1 (y/x)


3D cartesian coordinates
y
y

x x

z
z

Right-handed 3D coordinate system


POINT
The simplest of geometric object.
No length, width or thickness.
Location in space
Defined by a set of numbers (coordinates)
e.g P = (x, y) or P = (x, y, z)
Vertex of 2D/ 3D figure
VECTOR
distance and direction
Does not have a fixed location in space
Sometime called displacement.
VECTOR
Can define a vector as the difference
between two point positions.
y
y2 Q
V
y1
P
x
x1 x2
V=QP
= (x2 x1, y2 y1)
= (Vx, Vy) Component form
Also can be expressed as
V = Vxi + Vyj
VECTOR : magnitude &
direction
Calculate magnitude using the Pythagoras
theorem distance
|V| = Vx2 + Vy2
Direction
= tan-1 (Vy/Vx)
VECTOR : magnitude &
direction
V Q
Example 1
If P(3, 6) and Q(6, 10). Write vector V in
component form.
Answer
V = [6 - 3, 10 6]
= [3, 4]
VECTOR : magnitude &
direction
Example 1 (cont)
Compute the magnitude and direction of
vector V
Answer
Magnitud |V| = 32 + 42
= 25 = 5
Direction = tan-1 (4/3) = 53.13
Unit Vector
As any vector whose magnitude is equal to
one
V= V
|V|
The unit vector of V in example 1 is
= [Vx/|V| , Vy/|V|]
= [3/5, 4/5]
VECTOR : 3D
y
Vector Component
(Vx, Vy, Vz) Vy V
x
Magnitude Vz
|V| = Vx2 + Vy2 + Vz2 Vx
z
Direction
= cos-1(Vx/|V|), = cos-1(Vy/|V|), =cos-1(Vz/|V|)
Unit vector
V = V = [Vx/|V|, Vy/|V|, Vz/|V|]
|V|
Scalar Multiplication
kV = [kVx, kVy, kVz]
If k = +ve V and kV are in the same direction
If k = -ve V and kV are in the opposite
direction
Magnitude |kV| = k|V|
Scalar Multiplication
Base on Example 1
If k = 2, find kV and the magnitudes

Answer
kV = 2[3, 4] = [6, 8]
Magnitude |kV|= 62 + 82 = 100 = 10
= k|V| = 2(5) = 10
Vector Addition
y y
V
V U+V

U U
x x

Sum of two vectors is obtained by adding


corresponding components
U = [Ux, Uy, Uz], V = [Vx, Vy, Vz]
U + V = [Ux + Vx, Uy + Vy, Uz + Vz]
Vector Addition
Q

P P

Q
Example
If vector P=[1, 5, 0], vector Q=[4, 2, 0]. Compute
P+Q

answer
P + Q = [1+4, 5+2, 0+0] = [5, 7, 0]
Vector Addition & scalar
multiplication properties
U+V=V+U
T + (U + V) = (T + U) + V
k(lV) = klV
(k + l)V = kV + lV
k(U + V) = kU + kV
Scalar Product
Also referred as dot product or inner product
Produce a number.
Multiply corresponding components of the two
vectors and add the result.
If vector U = [Ux, Uy, Uz], vector V = [Vx, Vy,
Vz]
U . V = UxVx + UyVy + UzVz
Scalar Product.
Example
If vector P=[1, 5, 0], vector Q=[4, 2, 0].
Compute P . Q

answer
P . Q = 1(4) + 5(2) + 0(0)
= 14
Scalar Product properties
U.V = |U||V|cos
angle between two vectors U

= cos 1 (U.V) V
|U||V|
Example
Find the angle between vector
b=(3, 2) and vector c = (-2, 3)
Scalar Product properties
Solution
b.c = (3, 2). (-2, 3)
3(-2) + 2(3) = 0
|b| = 32 + 22 = 13 = 3.61
|c| = (-2)2 + 32 = 13 = 3.61
= cos 1 ( 0/(3.61((3.61))
= cos 1 ( 0 ) = 90
Scalar Product properties
If U is perpendicular to V, U.V = 0
U.U = |U|2
U.V = V.U
U.(V+W) = U.V + U.W
(kU).V = U.(kV)
Vector Product
Also called the cross product
Defined only for 3 D vectors
Produce a vector which is perpendicular to
both of the given vectors.
y
c=axb
c

b x

z a
Vector Product
To find the direction of vector C, use righ-
hand rules

C
B x
B x
z A
C
z A
Vector Product
To find the direction of vector C, use righ-
hand rules BxA
AxB

C
x
x
z B
A
z B C
A
exercise
Find the direction of vector C, (keluar skrin atau
kedalam skrin)

AxB Q
B PxQ
P
A
O
MxN LxO
M
N L
Vector Product
If vektor A = [Ax, Ay, Az], vektor B = [Bx, By, Bz]
AxB= i j k i j
Ax Ay Az Ax Ay
Bx By Bz Bx By
= [ (AyBz-AzBy), (AzBx-AxBz), (AxBy-AyBx)]
Vector Product
P
Example Q
If P=[1, 5, 0], Q=[4, 2, 0]. Compute P x Q
Solution
PxQ= i j k i j
1 5 0 1 5
4 2 0 4 2
= [ (5.(0)-0.(5)), (0.(4)-1.(0)), (1.(2)-5.(4))]
= [ 0, 0, -18]
Vector Product
Properties
U x V = |U||V|n sin where n = unit vector
perpendicular to both U and V
U x V = -V x U
U x (V + W) = U x V+ U x W
If U is parallel to V, U x V = 0
UxU=0
kU x V = U x kV

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