Technology in Architectures

Lecture 8
Cooling Loads
Cooling Degree Hours
Energy Performance Ratings
Annual Fuel Consumption
Cooling Loads
Computed for worst
case scenario:
Late summer afternoon
at outdoor design dry
bulb temperature

Include:
Insolation from sun
Heat gain from people,
lights, and equipment
Infiltration in residential
buildings
Ventilation in
nonresidential buildings
SR-3
 Summer Design Conditions
Design Dry Bulb Temperature
Mean Daily Range

S(10): T.B.1,
p. 1496
 Determine Design Equivalent
Temperature Difference (DETD)
Construction type
Outdoor design temperature
Mean daily range

L: 0-16F
M: 16-25F
H: 25+F

S: p. 1653, T.F.5
Determine Envelope U-values
Calculate R and then find U for walls
and roofs.

Note: this method ignores floors, doors,

and window U-values
 Determine DCLF
Glazing Type
Design Temperature
Shading
Orientation

S: p. 1655, T.F.6
 Determine Area Quantities
Perform area takeoffs for
all building envelope
surfaces on each facade:

gross wall area 1200 sf

100
- window area 368 sf
- door area 64 sf
net wall area 768 sf
12 4

8
Elevation
 Infiltration

S: p. 1657, T.F.7
 Ventilation Analysis
Non-residential buildings use ventilation to provide
fresh air and to offset infiltration effects.

ASHRAE Standard 62-2001 (S: p. 1598, T.E.25)

Estimates the number of people/1000 sf of usage type

Prescribes minimum ventilation/person for usage type
 ASHRAE 62-2001
Defines space occupancy and ventilation loads

S: p. 1639, T.E.25
 VentilationSensible CLF

S: 1657, T.F.7
 People Sensible Gain
Determine number of people
Activity level

S: p. 1657, T.F.8
 Lights

Determine wattage of lighting/square foot

ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive levels

Count fixture loads and add together

Note: add 15% for ballasts where applicable

(e.g., fluorescent lights)
 Equipment

Determine operating wattage of

equipment/square foot
ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive levels
Count actual loads and add together

Note: include a diversity factor (20-30%) if

specific usage patterns are unknown.
 Equipment
Use manufacturers data or other
references to obtain heat gain data.

Standby mode
Copiers
Monitors
Printers
CPU
energy star

S: p. 1658, T.F.9
 Latent Load
Not calculated separately:

Apply a factor as a percentage of the total

sensible cooling load

Dry climates: 20%

Moist/Humid climates: 30%
 Cooling Load Example Problem
Building: Office Building
Location: Salt Lake City

Building: 200 x 100 (2 stories, 12-6 each)

Uwall= 0.054 Btuh/sf-F

Uroof= 0.025 Btuh/sf-F
 Cooling Load Example Problem
Determine Building Envelope Areas (SF)

Building: 200 x 100 (2 stories, 12-6 each)

N E S W
Gross Wall 5,000 2,500 5,000 2,500
Windows 1,000 500 2,000 500
Doors 20 20 50 20
Net Wall 3,980 1,980 2,950 1,980

Roof/Floor Slab 20,000

 Determine Design Equivalent
Temperature Difference (DETD)
Roof Construction type: Light color, vented, ceiling
Design temperature: 95F
Mean daily range: 32F

L: 0-16F
M: 16-25F
H: 25+F

DETD=31.0F

S: p. 1653, T.F.5
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

Insert roof values

SR-3
 Determine Design Equivalent
Temperature Difference (DETD)
Wall Construction type (see given)
Design temperature: 95F
Mean daily range: 32F

L: 0-16F
M: 16-25F
H: 25+F

DETD=11.3F

S: p. 1653, T.F.5
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
Insert roof values S
W
0.054
0.054
2,950
1,980
11.3
11.3
1,800
1,208 6,645

Insert wall values

SR-3
 Determine Window DCLF
Glazing Type
Design Temperature
Shading
Orientation

S: p.
1656,
T.F.6.B
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Insert roof values

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645

Insert wall values N 1,000 14 14,000

E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000
W 500 35 17,500
Insert glass values 89,000

SR-3
 ASHRAE 62-2001
Defines space occupancy and ventilation loads

S: p. 1639, T.E.25
 Ventilation Load Sensible

40,000 sf x 5people/1,000sf = 200 people

200 people x 17 cfm/person = 3,400 cfm

 Ventilation Load Sensible CLF

Design Temperature: 95F

Commercial Building: Ventilation

S: p. 1657, T.F.7
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Insert roof values

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645

Insert wall values N 1,000 14 14,000

E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000

Insert glass values

W 500 35 17,500
89,000

Insert outdoor air N/A N/A N/A

values 3,400 22.0 74,800 74,800

SR-3
 People Sensible Gain
Determine number of people: 280
Activity level: moderately active office work

S: p. 1657, T.F.8
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Insert roof values

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645

Insert wall values N 1,000 14 14,000

E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000

Insert glass values

W 500 35 17,500
89,000

Insert outdoor air N/A N/A N/A

values 3,400 22.0 74,800 74,800

Insert people values 200 250 50,000

SR-3
 Lighting Load
Lighting load: 1.5 w/sf
Equipment load: 0.5 w/sf
Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Insert roof values

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645

Insert wall values N 1,000 14 14,000

E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000

Insert glass values

W 500 35 17,500
89,000

Insert outdoor air N/A N/A N/A

values 3,400 22.0 74,800 74,800

Insert people values 200 250 50,000

40,000 1.5 204,780

Insert lighting values
40,000 0.5 68,260 323,040

Insert equipment
values SR-3
 Cooling Loads
0.025 20,000 31.0 15,500 15,500 2.5

N 0.054 3,980 11.3 2.429

Sensible Heat Gain:

E 0.054 1,980 11.3 1.208
S 0.054 2,950 11.3 1,800
W 0.054 1,980 11.3 1,208 6,645 1.1
508985 Btuh
N 1,000 14 14,000
E 500 35 17,500
S 2,000 20 40,000
Latent Heat Gain (20%): W 500 35 17,500
89,000 14.6
101,797 Btuh
N/A N/A N/A

Total Heat Gain: 3,400 22.0 74,800 74,800 12.3

610,782Btuh
200 250 50,000
or
40,000 1.5 204,780
50.9 Tons
40,000 0.5 68,260 323,040 52.8

508,985 83.3
16.7
Tons=Q/12,000 101,797
610,782 100.0
SR-3 50.9
Cooling Degree Hours
 Cooling Degree Hours
Relative indicator of warmth

S(10): T.B.1,
p. 1513
 Cooling Degree Hours
Balance Point Temperature (BPT):
temperature above which cooling is needed
CDH(BPT)= ODBT-BPT
If temperature (ODBT)=91F
CDH74 =ODBT-74
=91-74
=17 cooling degree-hours
Energy Performance Ratings
 Performance Ratings

COP: coefficient of performance

EER: energy efficiency at full load
SEER: seasonal energy efficiency ratio

Note: SEERCOP x 3.413

Annual Fuel Consumption
 Annual Fuel Usage (E)

E= UA x CDH(BPT)
SEER

where:
UA: cooling load/F
CDH(BPT): degree hours for balance point
SEER: seasonal energy efficiency rating
 Calculating UA
QTotal= UA x T

UA= QTotal/T

From earlier example:

QTotal= 610782 Btuh
T= 95-75=20F

UA=610782/20= 30,539 Btuh/F

 Annual Fuel Usage Example

Compare two systems to determine what

is the expected annual electrical usage for
an apartment in Salt Lake City if its peak
cooling load is 12,000 Btuh?

UA=Q/T
UA=12,000/20= 600 Btuh/F
 Determine SEER
Obtain SEER from manufacturers data or
Convert COP to SEER

SEER: 5-15

For this example:

SEER1=6.8
SEER2=10.2
Annual Fuel Usage Electricity
E= UA x CDH74
SEER
E1 =(600)(9,898)/(6.8)
=873,353 wh/yr
=873 kwh/yr

If electricity is $0.0735/kwh, then

annual cost = $64
Annual Fuel Usage Electricity
E= UA x CDH74
SEER
E2 =(600)(9,898)/(10.2)
=582,235 wh/yr
=582 kwh/yr

If electricity is $0.0735/kwh, then

annual cost = $43
Simple Payback Analysis
 Simple Payback

Cooling System Cost Comparison

First
Cost
($)

System 1 500
System 2 600
 Simple Payback

Cooling System Cost Comparison

First Annual Incremental Incremental Simple
Cost Fuel Cost First Cost Annual Savings Payback
($) ($/yr) ($) ($/yr) (yrs)

System 1 500 64 --- --- ---

System 2 600 43 100 21 4.8

Payback exceeds 3 years, select system 1

Other factors?