8051

DAY_01

Introduction to
Microcontrollers and
Applications

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protected 8051 class 01 Version 1.0
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

A microprocessor is a general purpose

central processing unit of a digital
computer
A chip on a computer

A micro controller is a true computer

on a chip
A computer on a chip

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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

The prime use of a microcontroller

is to control the operation of a
machine using fixed programs that
is stored in ROM that doesn't
change over the life time of the
system

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 Prime Differences

Processors have most of their

opcodes moving data from external
memory to the CPU
Generally controllers move data
and code from internal memory to
ALU

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 Prime Differences

Processors have most of their

instructions operating on a byte
Controllers , on the other hand,
have many bit handling
instructions making it ideal for
control applications

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 A Microprocessor Survey

First Generation: Third Generation:

8088 80386DX
8086 80386SX
6800 68000
Second Generation:
80286
68000

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 A Microprocessor Survey

Fourth Generation: Sixth Generation:

80486DX Pentium Pro
80486SX Pentium II
80486DX2 Pentium III
80486DX4 PowerPC
SPARC
Fifth Generation:
Pentium
Pentium with MMX

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 A Microcontroller Survey- 4 bits

Manufacturer Pins : I/O Counters RAM ROM Other features

bytes
Hitachi: HMCS40 28:10 --- 32 512 10-bit ROM

National:COP420 28:23 1 64 1K Serial bit I/O

OKI:MSM6411 16:11 --- 32 1K

TI:TMS 1000 28:23 --- 64 1K LED display

Toshiba:TLCS47 42:35 2 128 2K Serial bit I/O

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 A Microcontroller Survey- 8 bits
Manufacturer Pins : I/O Counters RAM ROM Other features
bytes
Intel: 8048 40:27 1 64 1K Ext memory 8K.
Intel: 8051 40:32 2 128 4K Ext memory 128K
Serial port.
Microchip Watch Dog Timer,
PIC 16C56 18/12 0 25 1K 25/20ma sink/
source .
National:COP820 28:24 1 64 1K Serial bit I / O
Motorola Serial port; A/D
68HC11 52:40 2 256 8K WDT.
Philips;87C552 68:48 3 256 8K Serial port ,A/D
WDT
TI:TMS7500 40:32 1 128 2K Ext memory 64K
Zilog: Z8 40:32 2 128 2K Ext memory
124K,serial port.

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 A Microcontroller Survey- 16 bits

Manufacturer Pins : I/O Counters RAM ROM Other features

bytes
Hitachi: H/8/532 84:64 5 1K 32K External memory
to 1M,serial port
A/D,PWM

Intel:80C196 68:40 2 232 8K External memory

to 64K,serial port
A/D,WDT , PWM

National:HPC16164 68:52 4 512 16K External memory

to 64K,serial port
A/D,WDT , PWM

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 A Microcontroller Survey

32 bit microcontrollers are used in

high end applications
Robotics
Image processing
Telecommunications
Automobiles
Intelligent Instrumentation

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 CISC and RISC Processors

CISC
Complex Instruction Set Computing such
as 8051, 8085,x86
RISC
Reduced Instruction System Computing
such as PIC,Power PC , Super Sparc

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 CISC Processors

More no.of instructions and they are

more complex

The control unit and the instruction

decoder occupy most of chip space

reduced space for registers

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 RISC Processors

The number of instructions is minimized

Addressing modes are fewer
Memory reference instructions are
minimized
Processing is register intensive
Each instruction is executed in a single
cycle
leading to a high level of pipelining
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 What is an Embedded System

A combination of computer hardware

and software with additional
mechanical or other parts
usually designed to perform a specific
function
frequently, an embedded system is a
component within some larger
systems

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 Examples of embedded systems

Electronic devices in the kitchen

E.g.: bread machines,food processors,
microwave ovens
Living Rooms
E.g.: televisions, stereos,remote controls
Work places
E.g.: fax, pagers,laser printers,cash
registers,credit card readers

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Examples of embedded systems
Temperature control
Engine control
Braking systems
Automated tellers
Embedded Web servers
Handheld PC

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Examples of embedded systems

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Examples of embedded systems

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The Information Revolution

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Other Embedded Areas

DEVICE DRIVERS
FOR CUSTOM &
NON CUSTOM
DEVICES
PC HARDWARE
/PROTOCOLS
BASED

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 Future Embedded Systems

Light switches & thermostats controlled

by a central computer
palm sized organizers
personal digital assistants
digital cameras
dashboard navigation systems
Intelligent House hold articles

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 Real-Time Systems

One subclass of embedded systems

Computer system with timing
constraints
two types - Hard real time and soft
real time

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 Real-Time Systems

Hard deadlines - Hard real time

systems
E.g.:airplanes flight control system
Soft real time systems
the timing constraints is a little
tolerable

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Embedded System Design Requirements

criterion Low Medium High

Processor 4 or 8 bit 16 bit 32 or 64 bit
Memory < 16KB 64 KB to 1MB >1MB
Development cost < $100,000 $100,000- > $1000,000
$1,000,000
Production cost < $10 $10 -$1000 >$1000
Number of units < 100 100- 10,000 >10000
Expected lifetime days-months years decades
Reliability may fail should be fail proof
reliable

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Block Diagram of a Microcontroller

ALU Timer / Counter I/O Port

Accumulator Internal I/O Port

ROM

Register(s) Interrupt
Circuits

Clock
Internal circuit
RAM
Program Counter
Stack Pointer

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 Intel Microcontrollers

In 1976 - 8048 , 8748 , 8035

8049 & 8039 doubled the on chip memory

and ran faster

8021 reduced the cost-with slower clock

8022 included two channel 8 bit ADC

All of them used NMOS technology

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