What is Wireless and
Mobile Communication?
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Wireless Communication
Transmitting voice and data using
electromagnetic waves in open space
Electromagnetic waves
Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
c=fxl
Higher frequency means higher energy photons
The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is
the radiation
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16
Radio Micro Cosmic
IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays
104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Visible light < 30 KHz VLF
30-300KHz LF
300KHz 3MHz MF
3 MHz 30MHz HF
30MHz 300MHz VHF
300 MHz 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF
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What is Mobility
Mobility and portability
Portability means changing point of attachment to
the network offline
Mobility means changing point of attachment to
the network online
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Cellular Networks
First Generation
Analog Systems
Analog Modulation, mostly FM
AMPS
Voice Traffic
FDMA/FDD multiple access
Second Generation (2G)
Digital Systems
Digital Modulation
Voice Traffic
TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
2.5G
Digital Systems
Voice + Low-datarate Data
Third Generation
Digital
Voice + High-datarate Data
Multimedia Transmission also
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2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136
PDC
Uplink Frequencies (MHz) 824-849 (Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
1850-1910 (US PCS) 1850-1910 (US PCS) (Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 (Europa) 869-894 MHz (Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(Japan)
Deplexing FDD FDD FDD
Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK
Spreading
Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per 64 8 3
carrier
Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps
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2G and Data
2G is developed for voice communications
You can send data over 2G channels by
using modem
Provides data rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps
Increased data rates are requires for internet
application
This requires evolution towards new systems:
2.5 G
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2.5 Technologies
Evolution of TDMA Systems
HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate
GPRS for GSM and IS-136
Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate
EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
Up to 384 Kbps data-rate
Evolution of CDMA Systems
IS-95B
Up to 64 Kbps
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3G Systems
Goals
Voice and Data Transmission
Simultanous voice and data access
Multi-megabit Internet access
Interactive web sessions
Voice-activated calls
Multimedia Content
Live music
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3G Systems
Evolution of Systems
CDMA system evolved to CDMA2000
GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband
CDMA) (also called UMTS)
New spectrum is allocated for these technologies
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Wireless Standards
The 802.11 standard establishes and
defines the mode of channelling the
unlicensed radio frequency bands in WLANs.
The 2.4 GHz band is broken down into 11
channels for North America and 13 channels
for Europe.
These channels have a centre frequency
separation of only 5 MHz and an overall
channel bandwidth (or frequency occupation)
of 22 MHz.
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Advantages
Uses up to Up to 54 Mbps
Has the fastest transmission speed.
Allows for more simultaneous users.
Uses the 5 GHz frequency, which limits
interference from other devices.
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Disadvantages
Higher frequency radio waves are more
easily absorbed by obstacles such as walls,
making 802.11a susceptible to poor
performance due to obstructions.
Higher frequency band has slightly poorer
range than either 802.11b or g. Also, some
countries, including Russia, do not permit the
use of the 5 GHz band, which may continue
to curtail its deployment.
Is not compatible with 802.11b network
adapters, routers, and access points. 13
802.11b
This was the first and, until recently, the most
common wireless variant used.
Transmission speeds of just 11Mbits/sec it is
also the slowest.
Used the 40bit Wireless Equivalency Privacy
(WEP) security protocol, which was found to
have a number of deficiencies.
A newer version of this, 802.11b+ maintains
speeds to 22Mbits/sec.
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Advantages
Speed : 11megabits per seconds
costs less
Has the best signal range.
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Disadvantages
Transmission speed is slow
Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) of frequency
the same as some house hold items like
cordless, micro waves ovens etc.
Provides access to few users simultaneously.
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802.11g
This is the most recent and popular
Data transfer speeds of up to 54Mbits/sec,
but its speed are much lower.
It also uses an upgraded form of Wi-Fi
Protected Access (WPA) security protocol.
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Advantages
Speed: Uses Up to 54 Mbps.
Has a transmission speed comparable to
802.11a under optimal conditions.
Allows for more simultaneous users.
Has the best signal range and is not easily
obstructed.
Is compatible with 802.11b network adapters,
routers, and access points.
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Disadvantages
Uses the 2.4 GHz frequency so it has the
same interference problems as 802.11b
Costs more than 802.11b
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802.11n
Uses multiple radios and antenna at
endpoints, each broadcasting on the same
frequency to establish multiple streams.
The multiple input/multiple output technology
splits a high data-rate stream into multiple
lower rate streams and broadcasts them at
the same time over the available radios and
antennae.
This allows for a speculative maximum data
rate of 248 Mb/s using two streams.
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Special Problems of Wireless and
Mobile Computing
Coverage/Signal
Security
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