National Central
University
Chapter 9: Foundations of Group Behavior
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
STEPHEN P. ROBBINS
Reporter: Debbie Pi
2007/10/04
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Outline
The Introduction of Group
Defining & classifying Groups
Why people join groups
Stages of Group Development
The Five-Stage Model
Punctuated-equilibrium Model: For temporary Groups w/ Deadline
Group Properties
Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness
Group Decision Making
Groups versus the individual
Groupthink and Groupshift
Groups decision-making techniques
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University
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Introduction
This session is about the concept of groups
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University
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Introduction
This session is about classifying groups
Formal Group Informal Group
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University
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Introduction
why people join groups
Security: Individuals can reduce the insecurity of standing alone
Status: It provides recognition and status.
Self-esteem: It provides people the feelings of self-worth.
Affiliation: It can fulfill individuals social needs.
Power: It often makes what can not be achieved by individuals possible.
Goal Achievement: The use of formal group w/ talent, knowledge, or power to
achieve a particular task.
National Central
University
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Outline
The Introduction of Group
Defining & classifying Groups
Why people join groups
Stages of Group Development
The Five-Stage Model
Punctuated-equilibrium Model: For temporary Groups w/ Deadline
Group Properties
Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness
Group Decision Making
Groups versus the individual
Groupthink and Groupshift
Groups decision-making techniques
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University
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Stages of Group Development
The Five-Stage Model
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University
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Stages of Group Development
Punctuated-equilibrium Model
Sequence of actions:
Setting group direction
First phase of inertia
Half-way point transition
Major changes
Second phase of inertia
Accelerated activity
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University
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Stages of Group Development
Punctuated-equilibrium Model (Contd)
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University
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Outline
The Introduction of Group
Defining & classifying Groups
Why people join groups
Stages of Group Development
The Five-Stage Model
Punctuated-equilibrium Model: For temporary Groups w/ Deadline
Group Properties
Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness
Group Decision Making
Groups versus the individual
Groupthink and Groupshift
Groups decision-making techniques
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University
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Group Properties
Roles
We are required to play a
number of diverse roles.
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University
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Group Properties
Roles (Contd)
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University
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Group Properties
Norms
Classes of Norms:
Performance norms
Appearance norms
Social arrangement norms
Allocation of resources norms
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University
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Group Properties
Norms (Contd)
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Group Properties
Norms (Contd)
Examples of Cards Used in Aschs Study
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Group Properties
Norms (Contd)
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Group Properties
Status
Status and Norms
High status members of groups are given more freedom to deviate from
norms and also are better able to resist conformity pressures than other
group members.
Status and Group interaction
Interaction among members of groups is influenced by status. Lower-status
members tend to be less active participants in group discussion.
Status Inequity
When inequity is perceived, it creates disequilibrium, which results in
various types of corrective behavior.
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Group Properties
Status (Contd)
Group Norms
Status Equity Group Member
Status
Culture
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Group Properties
Size
Smaller groups are faster at completing task.
Large groups are good for gaining diverse input
and problem solving.
Other conclusions:
Odd number groups do better than even.
Groups of 5 or 7 perform better overall than
larger or smaller groups.
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University
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Group Properties
Size (Contd)
Cyberloafing:
The act of employees use
their organization's internet
access for personal purpose
during work hours.
Reasons: Implications:
To reduce the efforts to Means by which individual
reestablish equity efforts can be identified
The dispersion of Not consistent w/ collective
responsibility society
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University
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Group Properties
Cohesiveness
Increasing group cohesiveness:
Make the group smaller.
Encourage agreement with group goals.
Increase time members spend together.
Increase group status and admission difficultly.
Stimulate competition with other groups.
Give rewards to the group, not individuals.
Physically isolate the group.
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University
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Group Properties
Cohesiveness (Contd)
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University
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Outline
The Introduction of Group
Defining & classifying Groups
Why people join groups
Stages of Group Development
The Five-Stage Model
Punctuated-equilibrium Model: For temporary Groups w/ Deadline
Group Properties
Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness
Group Decision Making
Groups versus the individual
Groupthink and Groupshift
Groups decision-making techniques
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University
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Group Decision Making
Groups versus the individual
Strengths Weaknesses
More complete More time consuming
information Increased pressure to
Increased diversity of conform
views Domination by one or a
Higher quality of few members
decisions Ambiguous responsibility
Increased acceptance of
solutions
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University
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Group Decision Making
Groups versus the individual (Contd)
Groups Individuals
Accuracy More Less
Creativity More Less
Speed Slower Faster
Acceptance More Less
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University
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Group Decision Making
Groupthink and Groupshift
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University
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Group Decision Making
Group decision-making techniques
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Group Decision Making
Group decision-making techniques (Contd)
Evaluation Group Effectiveness
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Summary
The definition of groups
Two models of group development
The relationships between Group Properties (Roles, Norms,
Status, Size, and Cohesiveness) and Performance
Social loafing and its effect on group performance
The benefits and disadvantage of cohesive groups
The effectiveness of 4 Group decision-making techniques
(Interacting, Brainstorming, Nominal, and Electronic)
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University
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