ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR
PERCEPTION
Presented By:
Pavan Suresh
PERCEPTION
Perception is the process of how we select,
organize, interpret and retrieve
information’s from the environment.
Perceptions are not necessarily the same as
reality, nor are the perceptions of describing
the same event.
TOPICS COVERED UNDER
PERCEPTION
Meaning And Significance Of Perception
Sub Process Of Perception
Perceptual Selectivity
Factors Influencing Perception
Perceptual Organization
Impression Management
Linkage Between Perception And Individual Decision
Making
NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF
PERCEPTION
Perception is a very complex cognitive process that yields
a unique picture of the world, a picture that may be quite
different from reality.
MAIN ELEMENTS OF PERCEPTION
Interpret and organize sensory information
Receiving information and making sense of the world
around us
Includes all those processes by which an individual receives
information
STIMULUS OR SITUATION PERSON
External
Environment
Confrontation Registration Interpretation Feedback
Physical of specific of stimulus of stimulus for clarification
stimulus
Socio-cultural
Behavior
BEHAVIOR (overt or
covert)
Consequence
CONSEQUENCES (reinforcemen
t,
punishment)
SUB PROCESSES
Situation-person interaction through senses (Confrontation):
Perception starts with the event of interaction between a stimulus and a person or between a
situation and person. Stimulus is a focused external event to which an individual is subjected.
Situation is more broader environment with which a person comes in contact and has to respond.
Registration:
The senses receive the stimuli and the physiological mechanism carries the sensory message to
brain.
Interpretation:
The stimuli is interpreted by the brain.
Feedback:
An example of the feedback would be kinesthetic feedback (sensory impressions from muscles)
which is different from the stimuli captured from the sensory organ.
Subsequent Processes
Behavior:
The perception process is terminated by behavior of the person. Perception is
considered as a behavioral event and hence it terminates with behavior which is
observable.
Consequence:
Consequence is an environmental response to the behavior of a person. It may be
reinforcement or Punishment.
The process by which individuals screen and
select the various objects and stimuli that
vie for their attention.
External factors:
Nature- visual or auditory and it involves pictures, people or animals
Location- the best location of a visual stimulus for attracting attention is
directly in the front of the eyes and in the centre of a page
Color- is used to attract attention and portray realism. In a mass of black
and white a modicum of color catches the eye
Size- objects of larger size attract more attention than the smaller size
Contrast – the contrast principle states that external stimuli which stand
out against the background or which are not what people are expecting
will receive their attention
movement- the principle of motion states that a moving object receives
more attention than a object that is stationary
Repetition – the repetition principle states that a repeated external
stimulus is more attention drawing that a non repetitive one.
Novelty and familiarity- the novelty and familiarity principle states that
either a novel or a familiar external situation can serve as an attention
getter.
INTERNAL FACTORS:
Learning: is a cognitive factor, has considerable influence on
perception, creates expectancy in people.
Psychological needs: play a significant role in perceptual selectivity.
Unreal things look real because of deprived needs.
age difference: older senior executives complain about the inability
of the new, young ones to take tough decisions concerning
terminating people or paying attention to details and paper work.
interest- perception is unconsciously influenced by the interests
of the perceiver.
Ambivalence: is also known as mixed feelings about a situation,
paranoid perception: when a person’s perception is so selective
that he can find little common ground for communication with
others, he is likely to be paranoid.
FACTORS INFLUENCING
PERCEPTION
Perception is influenced by:
the perceiver.
the target.
the situation
FACTORS IN THE PERCEIVER
ATTITIDES-A state of mind or a feeling
MOTIVATION-Something that motivates: an inducement
or incentive
INTEREST- is feeling or emotion that causes attention to
focus on an object or an event or a process
EXPERIENCE- The apprehension of an object, thought, or
emotion through the senses or mind
FACTORS IN THE TARGET
motion.
sounds.
size.
background.
proximity
FACTORS IN THE SITUATION
Time.
Work setting.
Social setting.
Perceptual organization focuses on what takes place in
the perceptual process once the information from the
situation is received
1. Figure Ground
2. Perceptual Grouping
3. Perceptual Constancy
4. Perceptual Context
FIGURE AND GROUND
ILLUSION
Ambiguous figure
drawings in which the
figure and ground can be
reversed to illustrate their
point that the whole is
different from the sum of
its parts.
1. Closure - Bases on the gestalt principle which says
person will sometimes perceive a whole when none
exist. Person's perceptual process will close the gaps
that are unfilled by sensory inputs.
2. Continuity –An individual tend to perceive
continuous lines/patterns.
-This leads to inflexible thinking on the part of o
organizational members .
-Thus, only the obvious, continuous patterns or
relationships are perceived.
PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
3. Proximity - states that
the group of stimuli that
are close together will be
perceived as a whole
pattern of parts belonging
together.
4. Similarity – states that the greater the
similarity of stimuli, the greater the tendency
to perceive them as a group.
Dressing etc may brand employees as groups
–danger of stereotyping.
• Provides stability in a changing world. Main
role is played by learning.
• In spite of the changes in the appearance of
the dog moving toward you from a distance,
you still perceive the shape as that of a dog
(shape constancy) no matter the angle from
which it is viewed.
• It gives meaning and add value to simple stimuli,
objects, events, situations and other persons in
the environment.
• The organization culture & structure provide the
primary context in which employees do their
perceiving.
SOCIAL PERCEPTION
• Is the process of combining, integrating
and interpreting information about others
to gain an accurate understanding of
them.
• Is the process of understanding other
people accurately
Stereotyping: It is the belief that all
members of a specific groups share similar
traits and behavior. Most often, a person is put
into a stereotype because the perceiver knows
only the overall category to which the person
belongs. However, because each individual is
unique, the real traits of the person are
generally quite different from those that
stereotype would suggest.
•Halo effect: Under halo effect, a person
is perceived on the basis of a single trait. It
generally occurs during performance
appraisal where the supervisor rates an
employee on the basis of only one trait e.g.
intelligence, punctuality, cooperativeness
appearance etc.
IMPRESSION
MANAGEMENT
I. Demotion-Preventive Strategy:
a).Accounts.
b).Apologies.
c).Disassociation.
II.Promotion-Enhancing Strategy:
a).Entitlements.
b).Enhancements.
c).Obstacle Disclosures.
d).Association.
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
Attempts made by individuals to project favorable impressions about
themselves in the eyes of their superiors are related to the cognitive process
To the calculated efforts made to get others to think of them in a certain way,
preferably in the best possible way.
Might involve direct attempts to make oneself look better
Attempts to make others feel better about themselves
Impact on the success of getting a job and also on his or her career.
Has also influence on his or her relationships with others
Impression management is not only practiced by individuals
