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Fluid Mechanics 1 ME 321: Dr. M. Ehtisham Siddiqui

This document provides an overview of the fluid mechanics course including logistics, topics, and key concepts. The course will cover 7 chapters on topics like fluid statics, Bernoulli's equation, and dimensional analysis. There will be exams, assignments, and quizzes comprising the final grade. Important notes emphasize attendance, taking notes, and asking questions. Key fluid properties like density, viscosity, and surface tension are defined. Common units and conversions between SI and British systems are also reviewed.

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Mahtab Ilyas
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57 views23 pages

Fluid Mechanics 1 ME 321: Dr. M. Ehtisham Siddiqui

This document provides an overview of the fluid mechanics course including logistics, topics, and key concepts. The course will cover 7 chapters on topics like fluid statics, Bernoulli's equation, and dimensional analysis. There will be exams, assignments, and quizzes comprising the final grade. Important notes emphasize attendance, taking notes, and asking questions. Key fluid properties like density, viscosity, and surface tension are defined. Common units and conversions between SI and British systems are also reviewed.

Uploaded by

Mahtab Ilyas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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11:30

Fluid Mechanics 1
ME 321
Dr. M. Ehtisham Siddiqui Lecture # 01
Assistant Professor FME
HITEC University
11:30

Text Book
“Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”, 6th Edition, by
Munson, Young & Okiishi, John Wiley & Sons

Reference Books
“Fluid Mechanics”, 4th Edition, by Frank M. White,
McGraw–Hill
11:30

Grading Policy
Final Exam 40%

Sessional I 20%

Sessional II 20%

Quizzes 20%
11:30

Chapters
Ch.1: Introduction

Ch.2: Fluid Statics

Ch.3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics – Bernoulli’s Equation

Ch.4: Fluid Kinematics

Ch.5: Finite Control Volume Analysis

Ch.6: Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Ch.7: Similitude & Dimensional Analysis


11:30

Important Notes

Make Sure To Comply With The Attendance Policy. No


Relaxation Will Be Granted.

Take Class Notes


Don’t Reply Solely On The Slide
No Make-up Quiz Will be Entertained

“Never Hesitate To Ask Question –


– There Are No Stupid Questions”.
11:30

Characteristics of Fluids
Solid is “Hard” and is not easily deformed
Fluid is “Soft” and is easily deformed

Solid has densely spaced molecules


Fluid has moderately to largely spaced molecules

For a solid, application of a shear stress causes a deformation


which, if modest, is not permanent and solid regains original
position

Attached
plates Solid
11:30

Characteristics of Fluids
For a fluid, continuous deformation takes place with an infinite
number of layers sliding over each other.

“Deformation continues until the force is removed”

Fluid

How to define “Fluids” in writing?

A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously


when acted upon by a shearing stress of any magnitude
11:30

FLUID – Liquids vs. Gases


• Fluidis a substance that cannot sustain a shear stress and it
deforms continuously under the action of a shear stress, no matter
how small the shear stress is.

• A Liquid is a state of matter in which molecules are quite free to


change their relative position due to the medium intermolecular
forces of attraction. Therefore, they have no definite shape but
volume.

• A Gas is a state of matter in which molecules are practically


unrestricted due to very weak intermolecular forces of attraction.
Therefore, they have neither definite shape nor definite volumes.
11:30

Dimensions and Units


• Fluid characteristics are described qualitatively in terms of basic
dimensions: length, L, time, T, and mass, M.

• All theoretically derived equations are dimensionally


homogeneous.

• A quantitative description requires a number and standard (units)

• Two system of units will be used:

– International System (SI); m, s, kg, K

– British Gravitational (BG) System; ft, s, lb, ºF or ºR

When solving problem use consistent system of units, don’t mix


BG and SI units!
11:30

The concept of a Continuum


Can we measure velocity of fluid molecules?

• A gram of gas is composed of billions of molecules which are in


constant motion and collision.

• Analyzing each molecule motion is practically cumbersome.

• In most engineering problems, the principal interest is not the


motion of individual molecule but the gross behavior of the gas as
a continuous material.

Significance & Consequences of the concept of a “Continuum”?


11:30

Properties & Characteristics of Fluids


• Consider the mass of fluid δm in a volume δv. Then average mass
density will be δm/ δv.
• If δv is large  average density approach an asymptote as the
volume encloses more homogeneous fluid.
• δm/ δv fluctuates as there is less homogeneous fluid present in the
enclosed volume.
• Density at a point can then be defined as:
11:30

Properties & Characteristics of Fluids

Normal Stress (Pressure) Shear Stress


11:30

Measures of Fluid Mass & Weight


• Density (𝜌) Mass per unit volume

• Specific Volume (𝑣 = 1/𝜌) Volume per unit mass

• Specific Weight (𝛾) Weight per unit volume

• Specific Gravity (SG) Ratio of density of the fluid to the


density of water at specified temp.

“For gases change in density is related to pressure and


temperature through ideal gas law (𝒑 = 𝝆𝑹𝑻)”
Density of water as a function of temperature
11:30

Viscosity
• For elastic solids shearing strain is proportional to the shearing
stress

• For fluids shearing stress is proportional to the rate of shearing


strain

• For Newtonian fluids shearing stress is linearly proportional to


the rate of shearing strain

• The study of non-Newtonian fluids is called rheology

• Viscosity is very sensitive to temperature


Dimensions Associated with
Common Physical Quantities

back
International System (SI)

K  °C + 273.15
1 N  1 kg  1 m/s 2 

British Gravitational (BG) System

°R  °F + 459.67
1 lb  1 slug  1 ft/s 2 
g  32.174 ft/s 2

Back
(a) Deformation of material placed between two parallel
plates. (b) Forces acting on upper plate.

back
Behavior of a fluid
placed between two
parallel plates

a No-slip condition @ boundaries


tan    
b
 a  U t 𝛿𝛽 is a function not only of the
force P but also of time. Thus
U t shearing stress is related to rate of
 
b shearing strain 𝛾ሶ
 U du
  lim   du
 t 0  t b dy  
dy
 
back
Linear variation of shearing stress with
rate of shearing strain for common fluid
back
𝜇𝑝 is apparent viscosity of a
non-Newtonian fluids and is
dependent on rate of shearing
strain.

For Newtonian fluids 𝜇𝑝 is


simply 𝜇 (dynamic viscosity)

Variation of shearing stress with rate of shearing strain for


several types of fluids, including common non-Newtonian
fluids. back
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity
of some common fluids as a
function of temperature

back
Forces acting on one-half of a liquid drop

Pressure drop across the surface of the droplet

2 R  p R 2
2
p  pi  pe 
R

back

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