Overview of Database and

DBMS - degree
Introduction
 Good decisions require good information
derived from raw facts
 Data managed most efficiently when
stored in a database
 Databases evolved from computer file
systems
 Understanding file system characteristics
is important
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Data vs. Information
 Data are raw facts
 Information is the result of processing raw data
to reveal meaning
 Information requires context to reveal meaning
 Raw data must be formatted for storage,
processing, and presentation
 Data are the foundation of information, which is
the bedrock of knowledge

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Data vs. Information (continued)
 Data: building blocks of information
 Information produced by processing data
 Information used to reveal meaning in data
 Accurate, relevant, timely information is
the key to good decision making
 Good decision making is the key to
organizational survival
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Introducing the Database
and the DBMS
 Database: shared, integrated computer structure that
stores a collection of data
 End-user data: raw facts of interest to the end user
 Metadata: data about data
 Metadata provides description of data characteristics
and relationships in data
 Complements and expands value of data
 Database management system (DBMS): collection of
programs
 Manage structure and control access to data

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Role and Advantages of the
DBMS
 DBMS is the intermediary between the user and
the database
 Database structure stored as file collection
 Access database through the DBMS
 DBMS enables data to be shared
 DBMS integrates many users’ views of the data

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Role and Advantages of the
DBMS (continued)
 Advantages of a DBMS:
 Improved data sharing
 Improved data security
 Better data integration
 Minimized data inconsistency
 Improved data access
 Improved decision making
 Increased end-user productivity
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Types of Databases
 Databases can be classified according to:
 Number of users
 Database location's
 Expected type and extent of use
 Single-user database supports only one user at a time
 Desktop database – single-user, runs on PC
 Multi-user database supports multiple users at the
same time
 Workgroup database supports a small number
 Enterprise database supports a large number

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Types of Databases (continued)
 Centralized database: data located at a single
site
 Distributed database: data distributed across
several different sites
 Operational database: supports a company’s
day-to-day operations
 Transactional or production database
 Data warehouse: stores data used for tactical or
strategic decisions
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Database Systems, 8th Edition 11
The Database System
Environment
 Database system: defines and regulates the
collection, storage, management, use of data
 Five major parts of a database system:
 Hardware
 Software
 People
 Procedures
 Data

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13
The Database System
Environment (continued)
 Hardware: all the system’s physical devices
 Software: three types of software required:
 Operating system software
 DBMS software
 Application programs and utility software
 People: all users of the database system:
 System and database administrators
 Database designers
 Systems analysts and programmers
 End users

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The Database System
Environment (continued)
 Procedures: instructions and rules that govern the
design and use of the database system
 Data: the collection of facts stored in the database
 Database systems created and managed at different
levels of complexity
 Database solutions must be cost-effective as well as
tactically and strategically effective
 Database technology already in use affects selection of
a database system

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DBMS Functions
 Most functions transparent to end users
 Can only be achieved through the DBMS
 Data dictionary management
 DBMS stores definitions of data elements and
relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary
 DBMS looks up required data component structures
and relationships
 Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary
 DBMS provides data abstraction, removes structural
and data dependency

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DBMS Functions (continued)
 Data storage management
 DBMS creates and manages complex
structures required for data storage
 Also stores related data entry forms, screen
definitions, report definitions, etc.
 Performance tuning: activities that make the
database perform more efficiently
 DBMS stores the database in multiple
physical data files
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DBMS Functions (continued)
 Data transformation and presentation
 DBMS transforms data entered to conform to required
data structures
 DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to conform
to user’s logical expectations
 Security management
 DBMS creates a security system that enforces user
security and data privacy
 Security rules determine which users can access the
database, which items can be accessed, etc.
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DBMS Functions (continued)
 Multi user access control
 DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure
concurrent access does not affect integrity
 Backup and recovery management
 DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure
data safety and integrity
 Recovery management deals with recovery of
database after a failure
 Critical to preserving database’s integrity

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DBMS Functions (continued)
 Data integrity management
 DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules
 Minimizes redundancy
 Maximizes consistency

 Data relationships stored in data dictionary

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DBMS Functions (continued)
 Database access languages and
application programming interfaces
 DBMS provides access through a query
language
 Query language is a nonprocedural language
 Structured Query Language (SQL) is the de
facto query language
 Standard supported by majority of DBMS vendors

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DBMS Functions (continued)
 Database communication interfaces
 Current DBMS’s accept end-user requests via
multiple different network environments
 Communications accomplished in several ways:
 End users generate answers to queries by filling in
screen forms through Web browser
 DBMS automatically publishes predefined reports
on a Web site
 DBMS connects to third-party systems to distribute
information via e-mail

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DBA’s
Database Administrator :- person responsible design ,
Implementation, maintenance and repair the organization’s
database.

Eg. Database Coordinator or Database Programmer, and is

Roles
development and design of database strategies, monitoring and
improving database performance and capacity, and planning for
future expansion requirements.
Plan, co-ordinate and implement security measures to
safeguard the database