EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)

By:
• ADITHYA R HANDE(R15CS012)
• AJITH SHENOY (R15CS019)
• AMITH SINGH.S(R15CS035)
• ANUPAMA Y(R15CS049)
• ANUSHA D KULAKARNI(R15CS051)

• Submitted To : Prof. Satish GC(School of C&IT)

2/7/2018
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• Introduction
• Comparison between XML and HTML
• XML Syntax
• XML Queries and Mediators
• Challenges
• Summary
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WHAT IS XML?

• eXtensible Markup Language

• Markup language for documents containing
structured information
• Defined by four specifications:
• XML, the Extensible Markup Language
• XLL, the Extensible Linking Language
• XSL, the Extensible Style Language
• XUA, the XML User Agent
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XML….

• Based on Standard Generalized Markup Language

(SGML)
• Version 1.0 introduced by World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) in 1998
• Bridge for data exchange on
the Web

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COMPARISONS

XML HTML
• Extensible set of tags
• Content orientated • Fixed set of tags
• Standard Data • Presentation oriented
infrastructure • No data validation
• Allows multiple output capabilities
forms • Single presentation
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 AUTHORING XML ELEMENTS

• An XML element is made up of a start tag, an end tag, and

data in between.
• Example:
<director> Matthew Dunn </director>
• Example of another element with the same value:
<actor> Matthew Dunn </actor>
• XML tags are case-sensitive:
<CITY> <City> <city>
• XML can abbreviate empty elements, for example:
<married> </married> can be abbreviated to
<married/>
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 AUTHORING XML ELEMENTS (CONT’D)

• An attribute is a name-value pair separated by an

equal sign (=).
• Example:
<City ZIP=“94608”> Emeryville </City>
• Attributes are used to attach additional,
secondary information to an element.

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 AUTHORING XML DOCUMENTS

• A basic XML document is an XML element that can,

but might not, include nested XML elements.
• Example:
<books>
<book isbn=“123”>
<title> Second Chance </title>
<author> Matthew Dunn </author>
</book>
</books>
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 XML DATA MODEL: EXAMPLE
<BOOKS>
<book id=“123”
loc=“library”>
BOOKS
<author>Hull</author> book
<title>California</title> loc=“library” article
<year> 1995 </year> ref
123 555
</book>
<article id=“555” ref=“123”>
<author>Su</author> author year author title
<title> Purdue</title>
title
</article>
</BOOKS>
Hull 1995 Su Purdue
California

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 AUTHORING XML DOCUMENTS
(CONT’D)

• Authoring guidelines:
• All elements must have an end tag.
• All elements must be cleanly nested (overlapping elements are not allowed).
• All attribute values must be enclosed in quotation marks.
• Each document must have a unique first element, the root node.

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 AUTHORING XML DATA ISLANDS

• A data island is an XML document that exists

within an HTML page.

• The <XML> element marks the beginning of the

data island, and its ID attribute provides a name
that you can use to reference the data island.

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 AUTHORING XML DATA ISLANDS (CONT’D)

• Example:
<XML ID=“XMLID”>
<customer>
<name> Mark Hanson </name>
<custID> 29085 </custID>
</customer>
</XML>
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 DOCUMENT TYPE DEFINITIONS (DTD)

• A Document Type Definition (DTD) allows the developer to create a set of

rules to specify legal content and place restrictions on an XML file

• If the XML document does not follow the rules contained within the DTD, a
parser generates an error

• An XML document that conforms to the rules within a DTD is said to be valid

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 WHY USE DTD ?

• A single DTD ensures a common format for

each XML document that references it
• An application can use a standard DTD to verify
that data that it receives from the outside
world is valid
• A description of legal, valid data further
contributes to the interoperability and
efficiency of using XML

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 CAUTIONS WHILE USING DTD

• All element declarations begin with <!ELEMENT and end with

>
• The ELEMENT declaration is case sensitive
• The programmer must declare all elements within an XML file
• Elements declared with the #PCDATA content model can not
have children
• When describing sequences, the XML document must contain
exactly those elements in exactly that order.

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AN INTERNAL
• <?xml DTD DECLARATION
version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note [
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
]>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
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<body>Don't forget me this weekend</body>
</note>
DTD INTERPRETATION
• !DOCTYPE note defines that the root element of this document is note
• !ELEMENT note defines that the note element must contain four
elements: "to,from,heading,body"
• !ELEMENT to defines the to element to be of type "#PCDATA"
• !ELEMENT from defines the from element to be of type "#PCDATA"
• !ELEMENT heading defines the heading element to be of type
"#PCDATA"
• !ELEMENT body defines the body element to be of type "#PCDATA"

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AN EXTERNAL DTD REFERENCE

• <?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd">
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
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NOTE.DTD

• <!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>

<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>

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XML QUERY LANGUAGES

• The first XML query languages

• LOREL (Stanford)
• XQL
• Several other query languages have been developed
(e.g. UNQL, XPath)
• XML-QL considered by W3C for standardization
• Currently W3C is considering and working on a new
query language: XQuery
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A QUERY LANGUAGE FOR
XML: XML-QL
• Developed at AT&T labs
• To extract data from the input XML data
• Has variables to which data is bound and
templates which show how the output XML data
is to be constructed
• Uses the XML syntax
• Based on a where/construct syntax
• Where combines from and where parts of SQL
• Construct corresponds to SQL’s select

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XML-QL QUERY: EXAMPLE 1
• Retrieve all authors of books published by Morgan
Kaufmann:
where <book>
<publisher><name>
Morgan Kaufmann
</name> </publisher>
<title> $T </title>
<author> $A </author>
</book> in “www.a.b.c/bib.xml”
construct <result> $A </result>

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 XML-QL QUERY: EXAMPLE 2

• XML-QL query asking for all bookstores that sell The

Java Programming Language for under $25:
where <store>
<name> $N </name>
<book>
<title> The Java Programming Language </title>
<price> $P </price>
</book>
</store> in “www.store/bib.xml”
$P < 25
construct <result> $N </result>

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SEMISTRUCTURED DATA AND MEDIATORS

• Semistructured data is often encountered in data exchange and

integration
• At the sources the data may be structured (e.g. from relational
databases)
• We model the data as semistructured to facilitate exchange and
integration
• Users see an integrated semistructured view that they can query
• Queries are eventually reformulated into queries over the
structured resources (e.g. SQL)
• Only results need to be materialized

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 WHAT IS A MEDIATOR ?

• A complex software component that integrates

and transforms data from one or several sources
using a declarative specification

• Two main contexts:

• Data conversion: converts data between two different models

• e.g. by translating data from a relational

database into XML
• Data integration: integrates data from different sources into a common
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view
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 CONVERTING RELATIONAL DATABASE TO XML
Example: Export the following data into XML and group books by
store
• Relational Database:
Store (sid, name, phone)
Book (bid, title, authors)
StoreBook (sid , bid, price, stock)

price stock

name Store StoreBook Book authors

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phone sid title bid

 CONVERTING RELATIONAL DATABASE TO XML
(CONT’D)
• XML:
<store> <name> … </name>
<phone> … </phone>
<book> <title>… </title>
<authors> … </authors>
<price> … </price>
</book>
<book>…</book>
…
</store>

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CHALLENGES FACING XML

• Integration of data sharing

• Security

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