Lecture (2)
Communication Network
The network is designed to serve as a shared resource for
moving data exchanged between hosts in an efficient manner
and to provide a framework to support new applications and
services.
Communication Network
Consists of an interconnection of a number of routers made
up of intelligent processors.
The processors are used to route data through the network.
Each router has one or more hosts attached to it
Hosts are devices that communicate with one another.
Routers
Boundary
or Subnet
Hosts
OSI 7 Layer Model
OSI “Open System Interconnection”
A list of protocols divided between 7 layers with each layer
having a different set of functions.
Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform additional
primitive functions. Moreover, each layer offers certain services
to the next higher layer.
The process of layering the protocols around each package is
called encapsulation. The final encapsulated data packet is called
a frame.
Open Systems Interconnection
OSI Reference model Sender Receiver
Layer 7 application
Layer 6 presentation Each
Each file
Packet
The protocols
Layer 5 session is divided
will
The
Will
encapsulated
be added
intobe
then
Layer 4 transport Packet
systematically
is called
packets
Encapsulated
File
File The received
aLayer
frame
with
Layer 3 network By layer frame is then
File
PROTOCOLS unpacked
Layer 2 data link in the
Layer 1 physical opposite order
Transmission Medium
Services Performed at Each Layer
Layer 7 application Identification, authentication
Layer 6 presentation Format conversion
Layer 5 session Set-up coordinate conversation
Layer 4 transport Ensures error-free transfer
Layer 3 network Routing of data through network
Layer 2 data link Error control and synchronisation
Layer 1 physical Placing signals on the carrier
OSI Network Model
INTERNET
The hosts constitute nodes of the network,
where data originate or where they are delivered.
The routers constitute intermediate nodes that
are used to cross subnet boundaries.
Subnet, all the hosts belonging to that subnet
exchange data directly.
LANs Vs WANs
LAN is “local Area network” which is a network confined to
a small geographic area which is a building or a group of
buildings.
WAN is “wide area network” which is a network spread over
a large geographic area. The largest WAN is the internet.
BROADBAND NETWORKS With the ever-increasing
demand for new services (e.g., video on demand, multimedia
communications)
Communication Channels
The transmission of information across a communication
network.
Channels based on guided propagation and include
telephone channels, coaxial cables, and optical fibers.
Channels based on free propagation: includes wireless
broadcast channels, mobile radio channels, and satellite
channels. These channels are described in what follows.
Communication Channels
Telephone Channels
Used in end-to-end communication link on a temporary
basis.
is a bandwidth-limited channel.
is built using twisted pairs for signal transmission.
The insertion loss of the channel plotted versus frequency;
insertion loss (in dB) is defined as
Communication Channels
Coaxial Cable
Consists of an inner conductor and an outer conductor,
separated by a dielectric insulating material.
Offers a greater degree of immunity to EMI
Higher band-width
High bit rate
Used as transmission medium for local area networks
Communication Channels
Optical Fiber
Dielectric wave guide, consists of the core and cladding are
both made of pure silica glass,
Enormous potential bandwidth,
Low transmission losses,
Immunity to electromagnetic interference,
Small size and weight,
Ruggedness and flexibility,
Low-cost
Communication Channels
Wireless Broadcast Channels
Wireless broadcast channels support the transmission of
radio and television signals.
Communication Channels
Mobile Radio Channel
A mobile radio channel extends the capability of the
public telecommunications network by introducing
mobility into the network by virtue of its ability to
broadcast.
Communication Channels
Satellite Channel
Provides broad-area coverage in both a continental and
an intercontinental sense.
Access to remote areas not covered by conventional
cable or fiber broad-area coverage,
Reliable transmission links,
And wide transmission bandwidths.
Modulation Process
The modification of the message signal into
a form suitable for transmission over the
channel.
The modification is achieved by varying
some parameter of a carrier wave in
accordance with the message signal.
Why Modulation Process?
Increases the range of communication: Low
frequency baseband signals suffer from attenuation
and hence cannot be transmitted over long
distances.
Reduction in antenna size: The antenna height
and aperture is inversely proportional to the
radiated signal frequency.
Facilitates multiple access
Modulation Process
Continuous-Wave Pulse Modulation
Modulation (CW)
FM Analog Digital
AM PM
PCM
PPM
PAM PWM
Efficiency Modulation Process
Allowable transmit power,
Available channel bandwidth,
Affordable cost of building the system.
The information capacity of the channel
C = B log2(1 + SNR) bit/sec
B denote the channel bandwidth, and let SNR denote the
received signal-to-noise ratio.
