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Correlation of Discrete-Time Signals

The document discusses cross-correlation and auto-correlation of discrete-time signals. Cross-correlation measures the similarity of two signals as a function of a time lag applied to one of the signals. It is similar to convolution but without time reversal. Auto-correlation measures the similarity of a signal to itself for different time lags. Cross-correlation and auto-correlation are used to analyze linear time-invariant systems by relating the input and output signals.

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Kirti M Makhija
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515 views12 pages

Correlation of Discrete-Time Signals

The document discusses cross-correlation and auto-correlation of discrete-time signals. Cross-correlation measures the similarity of two signals as a function of a time lag applied to one of the signals. It is similar to convolution but without time reversal. Auto-correlation measures the similarity of a signal to itself for different time lags. Cross-correlation and auto-correlation are used to analyze linear time-invariant systems by relating the input and output signals.

Uploaded by

Kirti M Makhija
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Correlation of Discrete-Time

Signals

Transmitted Signal, x(n)

Reflected Signal,
y(n) = x(n-D) + w(n)

0 T
Cross-Correlation
• Cross-correlation

of x(n) and y(n) is a sequence, rxy(l)
rxy  l    x  n y  n  l 
n 
l  0, 1, 2,

rxy  l    x  n  l  y  n
n 
l  0, 1, 2,

• Reversing the order, ryx(l)


ryx  l    y  n x  n  l 
n 
l  0, 1, 2,

ryx  l    y  n  l  x  n
n 
l  0, 1, 2,

• => rxy  l   ryx  l 


Similarity to Convolution
• No folding (time-reversal)

rxy  l   x  l   y  l  ryx  l   y  l   x  l 

• In Matlab:
– Conv(x,fliplr(y))
Auto-Correlation
• Correlation of a signal with itself

rxx  l    x  n  x  n  l   r  l 
n 
xx l  0, 1, 2,

• Used to differentiate the presence of a


like-signal, e.g., zero or one
• Even function
Properties
• Two sequences, x(n) and y(n), with finite
energy z  n   ax  n   by  n  l 
• Find energy of z(n)

Ez    ax  n   by  n  l  
2

n 
  
a 2
 x  n   b  y  n  l   2ab  x  n  y  n  l 
n 
2 2

n 
2

n 

 a 2 rxx  0   b 2 ryy  0   2abrxy  l   0


Ex Ey
Ez  a 2 rxx  0   b 2 ryy  0   2abrxy  l   0 (assume b  0)
2
a a
   rxx  0   2   rxy  l   ryy  0   0
b b

Quadratric in (a/b) and positive, discriminant is non-negative:


For crosscorrelation case:
rxy  l   rxx  0  ryy  0   Ex E y

For autocorrelation case:


rxx  l   rxx  0   Ex

Maximum value occurs with zero lag (when signals are perfectly matched)
Often normalized to range [-1,1]:

rxy  l  rxx  l 
 xx  l    xx  l  
rxx  0  ryy  0  rxx  0 
x  n   a nu  n  ; 0  a 1


rxx  l    x  n x  n  l 
n 
 
 a a n n l
a l
a 2n

n l n l

1 l
 a l0
1  a2
rxx  l 
 xx  l   a
l
  l  
rxx  0 
Periodic Sequences
• Power signals crosscorrelation:
M
1
r  l   lim
xy
M  2M  1
n  M
 x  n y  n  l 
• Define auto and crosscorrelations over one
period of the signals
• If x(n) and y(n) are periodic signals with
period N: N 1
1
xy r  l    x  n y  n  l 
n 0 N
• Correlations are also periodic with period N
y(n)=x(n)+w(n)
LTI Systems
• Convolution, output of LTI system 
y  n  h  n  x  n   h  k  x  n  k 
k 

• Crosscorrelation between the output and


input signal: r  l   y  l   x  l    h  l   x  l    x  l 
yx

 h  l    x  l   x  l  
 h  l   rxx  l 

• Similarly, input to output is:


rxy  l   h  l   rxx  l 
• Autocorrelation of output:
ryy  l   y  l   y  l    h  l   x  l     h  l   x  l  
  h  l   h  l     x  l   x  l  
 rhh  l   rxx  l 


ryy  0   rhh  0   rxx  0    r  k r  k
k 
hh xx

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