Pr int ing

H and
ise Laws
By Lou
Etching
Etching is the process of using strong acid or mordant
to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to
create a design in intaglio in the metal (the original
process—in modern manufacturing other chemicals
may be used on other types of material). As an intaglio
method of printmaking it is, along with engraving, the
most important technique for old master prints, and
remains widely used today.
Linocut
Linocut is a printmaking technique, a variant of woodcut
in which a sheet of linoleum (sometimes mounted on a
wooden block) is used for the relief surface. A design is cut
into the linoleum surface with a sharp knife, V-shaped
chisel or gouge, with the raised (uncarved) areas
representing a reversal (mirror image) of the parts to show
printed. The linoleum sheet is inked with a roller (called a
brayer), and then impressed onto paper or fabric. The
actual printing can be done by hand or with a press.
Screen-printing
Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to
support an ink-blocking stencil. The attached stencil forms open
areas of mesh that transfer ink as a sharp-edged image onto a
substrate. A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil,
forcing or pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the
open areas.Screen printing is also a stencil method of print making
in which a design is imposed on a screen of silk or other fine mesh,
with blank areas coated with an impermeable substance, and ink is
forced through the mesh onto the printing surface. It is also known
as Screen Printing, silkscreen, seriography, and serigraph.
Woodcut
Woodcut—formally known as xylography—is a relief printing
artistic technique in printmaking in which an image is carved into
the surface of a block of wood, with the printing parts remaining
level with the surface while the non-printing parts are removed,
typically with gouges. The areas to show 'white' are cut away with
a knife or chisel, leaving the characters or image to show in 'black'
at the original surface level. The block is cut along the grain of the
wood (unlike wood engraving where the block is cut in the end-
grain). In Europe beechwood was most commonly used; in Japan,
a special type of cherry wood was used.
Lithography
Lithography (from Greek λίθος - lithos, 'stone' +
γράφω - graphο, 'to write') is a method for printing
using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate
with a completely smooth surface. Invented in 1796 by
Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method
of publishing theatrical works, lithography can be used
to print text or artwork onto paper or another suitable
material.
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Letterpress
Letterpress printing is a term for the relief printing of text and image
using a press with a "type-high bed" printing press and movable type,
in which a reversed, raised surface is inked and then pressed into a
sheet of paper to obtain a positive right-reading image. It was the
normal form of printing text from its invention by Johannes Gutenberg
in the mid-15th century until the 19th century and remained in wide
use for books and other uses until the second half of the 20th century.
In addition to the direct impression of inked movable type onto paper
or another receptive surface, printmaking blocks such as photo-etched
zinc "cuts" (plates), linoleum blocks, wood engravings, etc., using
such a press.
How newspapers are printed…
Newsprint is generally made by a mechanical milling
process, without the chemical processes that are often
used to remove lignin from the pulp. The lignin causes the
paper to rapidly become brittle and yellow when exposed
to air and/or sunlight. Traditionally, newsprint was made
from fibers extracted from various softwood species of
trees (most commonly, spruce, fir, balsam or pine).
However, an increasing percentage of the world’s
newsprint is made with recycled fibers.
The impact of digital printing…
(Religious)
Samuel Hartlib, who was exiled in Britain and enthusiastic
about social and cultural reforms, wrote in 1641 that "the art
of printing will so spread knowledge that the common people,
knowing their own rights and liberties, will not be governed
by way of oppression”. For both churchmen and governments,
it was concerning that print allowed readers, eventually
including those from all classes of society, to study religious
texts and politically sensitive issues by themselves, instead of
thinking mediated by the religious and political authorities.
The impact of digital printing…
(Social)
Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled
later generations to build on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones.
Print, according to Acton in his lecture On the Study of History (1895),
gave "assurance that the work of the Renaissance would last, that what
was written would be accessible to all, that such an occultation of
knowledge and ideas as had depressed the Middle Ages would never
recur, that not an idea would be lost”. Print was instrumental in changing
the nature of reading within society. Elizabeth Eisenstein identifies two
long term effects of the invention of printing. She claims that print
created a sustained and uniform reference for knowledge as well as
allowing for comparison between incompatible views.
Otogravure
otogravure (roto or gravure for short) is a type of intaglio printing process,
that is, it involves engraving the image onto an image carrier. In gravure
printing, the image is engraved onto a copper cylinder because, like offset and
flexography, it uses a rotary printing press. The vast majority of gravure
presses print on rolls (also known as webs) of paper, rather than sheets of
paper. (Sheetfed gravure is a small, specialty market.) Rotary gravure presses
are the fastest and widest presses in operation, printing everything from
narrow labels to 12 feet (4 m)-wide rolls of vinyl flooring. Additional
operations may be in-line with a gravure press, such as saddle stitching
facilities for magazine/brochure work. Once a staple of newspaper photo
features, the rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of
magazines, postcards, and corrugated (cardboard) product packaging.
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Photocopying
Photocopying is widely used in business, education, and
government. There have been many predictions that
photocopiers will eventually become obsolete as
information workers continue to increase their digital
document creation and distribution, and rely less on
distributing actual pieces of paper.
Laser Printing
A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that
rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain
paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction
printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic
printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in
that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a
laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor.
Inkjet
An inkjet printer is a type of computer printer that
reproduces a digital image by propelling variably-sized
droplets of liquid material (ink) onto a page. Inkjet
printers are the most common type of printer and
range from small inexpensive consumer models to very
large and expensive professional machines.