Hall, 2009
Rudyawan & Hall 2012
Sulawesi Geology
Western plutono-volcanic arc
Central suture zone / blueschists
Eastern ophiolite
Microcontinental fragments
Product of arc-continent collision in Early
Miocene
GENERAL GEOLOGY MAP OF SULAWESI
(Hall & Wilson, 2000)
(Simanjuntak & Barber, 1996)
(Katili & Asikin, 1985)
Guntoro (1999)
after Parkinson (1991)
Ali et al (1996)
Collision in E Sulawesi
West Arm of Sulawesi
West of Sulawesi
SOUTH SULAWESI
W Part of South Sulawesi
E Part of South Sulawesi
Lariang and Karama Regions
(Western SOUTH SULAWESI)
No sign of Miocene collision
Evidence of Eocene rifting
Mainly steady subsidence through Oligocene
and Miocene
Major tectonic change only in Pliocene
Present high relief is very young
Lariang and Karama Regions
(Western SOUTH SULAWESI)
Palukoro
Fault
Palukoro
Fault
Lariang and Karama Regions
Stephen Calvert, 2000
Eocene to Late Oligocene Rifting
(East Side of Makassar Strait Rifting)
Stephen Calvert, 2000
Contraction in W Sulawesi
(associated with Banggai-Sula collision)
Begins only in Pliocene
Has propagated west
No sign of deformation in central Makassar
Straits, even today
Basement involved, not simply thin-skinned
Influence of pre-existing structural trends,
especially NW-SE faults
Miocene to Pliocene Contraction
(associated with Banggai-Sula collision to the East)
Stephen Calvert, 2000
Stephen Calvert, 2000
Makassar Straits
Central Makassar Straits undeformed
Sediment thickens from Paternoster
Platform
Sediment thickens from Kalimantan
Asymmetrical: Kalimantan side much wider
than Sulawesi side
Floored by oceanic or continental crust ?
117°E 119°E Celebes 121°E
Sea
Mangkalihat Puspita et al., 2005
Peninsula
1°N
Nur’Aini et al, 2005
KALIMANTAN
Palu Gorontalo
Koro Bay
Fault
Mahakam
Delta North
Makassar
1°S
Basin
Paternoster
Platform SULAWESI
3°S
South
Makassar
Basin
1170 1190
B N
A N
KALIMANTAN KALIMANTAN
CELEBES
SEA BASIN
00
mgals
North
Panca-1 Makassar
Basin
Pamukan Bay-1
SULAWESI SULAWESI
LEGEND
Gas
Oil
Oil and Gas
Gas and Condensate
A01
A02
40 B01 South
B02
100 km
Makassar 100 km
Basin
Free Air gravity
Fraser et al., 2003
Sulawesi side Of Makassar Strait
Three sections, bounded by
older faults, possibly
reactivated
North segment
Muddy sediment derived from
east
Mainly thrust to NW
Central segment
Sediment onlaps from west
Little deformation offshore
Southern segment
Much sandier, clearly derived
from east
Simple detachments and
folding
Celebes Gorontalo
Sea Bay
Mountains of West Sulawesi
Palu-Koro almost 3000m high
Fault
Mangkalihat NSP
Peninsula
CSP
Undeformed Zone (deepwater)
almost 2500m deep
SSP
Mahakam
Delta
Paternoster
Platform
N-S Section
Of Makassar Strait
In W Sulawesi
North Makassar Strait Section
Northern province
Central province
Southern province
Celebes Gorontalo
Sea Bay
Mountains of West Sulawesi
Palu-Koro almost 3000m high
Fault
Mangkalihat NSP
Peninsula
CSP
Undeformed Zone (deepwater)
almost 2500m deep
SSP
Mahakam
Delta
Paternoster
Platform
Nature of Basement
MAKASSAR STRAIT
Basal unconformity / Top Basement
Depression
A A’
Panca-1
W E
Top Early Pleistocene
Top Late Pliocene
Top Early Pliocene
Top Late Miocene
seabed
Top Middle Miocene
TWT msecs
Base Early Pliocene
Top Middle Miocene
Top Basement
8208m
100km
N
W E
B B’
A
100km
TWT msecs
B
B B’
0
500 Fold-thrust belt
1000
1500
Syn-kinematic
2000 basins
2500
Seabed
3000
3500 Mud diapirs
TWT msecs
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500 Horst
Top Basement
8000 11273 m Graben
8500 Half-graben Graben
W E
0
500
1000 C C’
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
TWT 4000
msecs 4500
5000 Back-stepping
carbonate shelf edge
5500
6000
6500 Mass-flow
deposits
7000 horst
7500
N
8000 Changing polarity of faults
8500 7048m
100km
7048m
A
TWT msecs N
4117m
100km
W E
G G’
3000
Sediment input
B 3500 from Sulawesi
Turbidite lobe
systems
4000
4500
5000
TWT msecs
5500
6000
Slope fan
6500 Carbonate deposits
Prograding fill
build-up
7000
Seabed
7500 Top Late Miocene
Top Middle Miocene
Divergent Top Late Oligocene
8000 Top Late Eocene
fill
Top Basement
4117m
8500
1170 1190
N
α = 60° Experiment M 55
KALIMANTAN 5 cm extension
(α = 60°)
00 Extension
Direction
10 cm
Panca-1
Oblique Depocentre
Extension Accommodation zone
α = 90° Fault distribution at Top
Basement level compared to
faults produced in analogue
models of orthogonal extension
Pamukan Bay-1
(α = 90°) and oblique extension
(α = 60°). Analogue models are
SULAWESI from McClay & White (1995).
Paternoster Platform
LEGEND
Gas
Oil
Oil and Gas
Gas and Condensate
Relay ramp structure
40 Accommodation zone
Orthogonal
Depocentre 100 km Extension
Evolution of Makassar Strait
Eocene: rifting
Makassar Straits floored by continental crust
Oligocene and Miocene shelf sedimentation
in West Sulawesi
Steep slope to deep basin
Pliocene shortening and rapid elevation in
Sulawesi side
Thrusting, folding propagates west
Detachments within basement
Stephen Calvert, 2000
Present seismicity
Bellier et al, 2001
GPS motions
Vigny et al, 2002
Rudyawan & Hall 2012
Rudyawan & Hall 2012
Jablonski et al. 2007
Thank You
