Feathering

Blurs edges by building a transition boundary

between the selection and its surround pixels.

The blurring can cause some loss of detail at the

edge of the selection

•Right click – Feather

•Select menu – Feather
•CTRL ALT D
About color modes and models

IMAGE MENU - ADJUSTMENTS

 HSB model
(Hue, Saturation, Brightness)
• Hue is the color reflected from or
transmitted through an object. It is
measured as a location on the standard
color wheel, expressed as a degree
between 0° and 360°. In common use, hue
is identified by the name of the color such
as red, orange, or green.
• Saturation, sometimes called chroma, is the
strength or purity of the color. Saturation represents
the amount of gray in proportion to the hue,
measured as a percentage from 0% (gray) to 100%
(fully saturated). On the standard color wheel,
saturation increases from the center to the edge.

• Brightness is the relative lightness or darkness of

the color, usually measured as a percentage from
0% (black) to 100% (white).
 RGB model
(Red, Green, Blue)

• A large percentage of the visible spectrum

can be represented by mixing red, green,
and blue (RGB) colored light in various
proportions and intensities. Where the
colors overlap, they create cyan, magenta,
yellow, and white.
• Because the RGB colors combine to create
white, they are also called additive colors.
Adding all colors together creates white--
that is, all visible wavelengths are
transmitted back to the eye. Additive colors
are used for lighting, video, and monitors.
Your monitor, for example, creates color by
emitting light through red, green, and blue
phosphors.
 RGB mode
• Photoshop's RGB mode uses the RGB model,
assigning an intensity value to each pixel ranging
from 0 (black) to 255 (white) for each of the RGB
components in a color image.
• For example, a bright red color might have an R value
of 246, a G value of 20, and a B value of 50. When
the values of all three components are equal, the
result is a shade of neutral gray.
• When the value of all components is 255, the result is
pure white; when the value is 0, pure black.
• In addition to being the default mode
for new Photoshop images, the RGB
model is used by computer monitors
to display colors. This means that
when working in color modes other
than RGB, such as CMYK, Photoshop
uses RGB mode for display on-
screen.
 CMYK model
(Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, blacK

• The CMYK model is based on the light-

absorbing quality of ink printed on paper.
As white light strikes translucent inks,
certain visible wavelengths are absorbed
while others are reflected back to your
eyes.
• In theory, pure cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow
(Y) pigments should combine to absorb all light and
produce black.
• For this reason these colors are called subtractive
colors. Because all printing inks contain some
impurities, these three inks actually produce a
muddy brown and must be combined with black (K)
ink to produce a true black. (K is used instead of B to
avoid confusion with blue.) Combining these inks to
reproduce color is called four-color process printing.
 CMYK mode
• In Photoshop's CMYK mode, each pixel is assigned
a percentage value for each of the process inks.
• The lightest (highlight) colors are assigned small
percentages of process ink colors, the darker
(shadow) colors higher percentages.
• For example, a bright red might contain 2% cyan,
93% magenta, 90% yellow, and 0% black.
• In CMYK images, pure white is generated when all
four components have values of 0%.
• Use the CMYK mode when preparing an
image to be printed using process colors.
• Converting an RGB image into CMYK
creates a color separation.
• If you start with an RGB image, it's best to
edit first and then convert to CMYK.
• You can also use CMYK mode to work
directly with CMYK images scanned or
imported from high-end systems.
Using Levels to set highlights,
shadows, and midtones
IMAGE MENU - ADJUSTMENTS - LEVELS
• You can set the highlights and shadows in an image by
moving Input sliders to the first group of pixels on both ends of
the Levels histogram.
• This maps these pixels--the darkest and lightest pixels in each
channel--to black and white, increasing the tonal range of the
image.
• The corresponding pixels in the other channels are adjusted
proportionately to avoid altering the color balance. You can
use the middle Input slider to change the intensity values of
the middle range of gray tones without dramatically altering
the highlights and shadows.
 To adjust tonal range using
Levels:
• Open the Levels dialog box.
• To adjust the shadows and highlights manually, do one of the
following:
• Drag the black and white Input Levels sliders to the edge of
the first group of pixels on either end of the histogram.
• You can also enter values directly into the first and third Input
Levels text boxes.
• Drag the black and white Output Levels sliders to define new
shadow and highlight values. You can also enter values
directly in the Output Levels text boxes.
 Using the Curves dialog box

IMAGE MENU – ADJUSTMENTS- CURVES

• Like the Levels dialog box, the Curves dialog box lets
you adjust the entire tonal range of an image.
• But instead of making adjustments using only three
variables (highlights, shadows, midtones), with
Curves you can adjust any point along a 0-255 scale
while keeping up to 15 other values constant.
• You can also use Curves to make precise
adjustments to individual color channels in an image.
Using the Hue/Saturation command

IMAGE MENU – ADJUSTMENTS-

HUE/SATURATION
• The Hue/Saturation command lets you
adjust the hue, saturation, and lightness of
the entire image or of individual color
components in an image.
• Adjusting the hue, or color, represents a
move around the color wheel.
• Adjusting the saturation, or purity of the
color, represents a move across its radius.
 Using the Hue/Saturation
command
• To use the Hue/Saturation command:
• Open the Hue/Saturation dialog box.
• The two color bars in the dialog box
represent the colors in their order on the
color wheel.
• The upper color bar shows the color before
the adjustment; the lower bar shows how
the adjustment affects all of the hues at full
saturation.
 Using the Brightness/Contrast
command
• The Brightness/Contrast command lets you
make simple adjustments to the tonal range of
an image.
• Unlike Curves and Levels, this command makes
the same adjustment to every pixel in the image.
• The Brightness/Contrast command does not
work with individual channels and is not
recommended for high-end output, because it
can result in a loss of detail in the image.
 To use the Brightness/Contrast
command:
• Open the Brightness/Contrast dialog
box.
• Drag the sliders to adjust the
brightness and contrast.
 Applying transformations
The commands under the Transform submenu
let you apply the following transformations to
an item:

• Scaling enlarges or reduces an item relative to

its reference point. You can scale horizontally,
vertically, or both horizontally and vertically.
• Rotating turns an item around a reference
point. By default, this point is at the center of
the object; however, you can move it to
another location.
• Skewing lets you slant an item vertically and
horizontally.
• Distorting lets you stretch an item in all
directions.
• Applying perspective lets you apply one-point
perspective to an item.
To scale, rotate, skew, distort,
or apply perspective:

• Select what you want to transform.

• Choose Edit > Transform > Scale,

Rotate, Skew, Distort, or Perspective.
 PAPER SIZES
• 3R  3.5 in x 5 in
• 4R  4 in x 6 in.
• 5R  5 in x 7 in.
• 6R  6 in x 8 in.
• 8R  8 in x 10 in.
• A4  8.3 in x 11.75 in.
• PASSPORT SIZE  35 mm x 45 mm
Scaling Graphics

•Scaling allows you to enlarge or shrink a graphic

around a reference point. To scale a graphic, we go
to Edit > Transform > Scale.

•A set of handles will appear around our selected

elements in the document (such as layers, or
shapes).

•By moving anyone of these handles, we can adjust

the size of the object.

•To apply the transformation, hit Enter.

 Rotating Objects in Photoshop

•To Rotate an Object in Photoshop, go to Edit >

Transform > Rotate.

•Handles will appear as they did with a Scaling

Transform, but instead of dragging one of these, go just
outside of the object until you see a curved arrow rotate
icon.

•At this point, simple drag left or right to rotate the

selected object.

• Once again, you must finish applying the

transformation by pressing Enter.
 Skew, Distort, and Perspective Transformations

•You can apply a Skew, Distort, or Perspective

Transformation from Edit > Transform.

Skew: Skew transformations slant objects either

vertically or horizontally.

Distort: Distort transformations allow you to stretch an

image in ANY direction freely.

Perspective: The Perspective transformation allows you

to add perspective to an object.
 Creating ID pictures
• Click the crop tool.
• Set the width, height and resolution.
– Example. Width: 1 Height: 1 Resolution:300
• Then click and drag the crop tool.
• Open a new canvas.
• Set it to 3R paper size (W-3.5”, H-5”, Resolution
– 300)
• Copy and drag your 1x1 id in the new canvas.