POLICE PATROL

AND
OPERATIONS

By: fmb
Patrol

 Patrol originated directly or via German

“Patrolla”

 derived from French word:

patrouller (Patroullier)
which means….
“to tramp around (walk) in a puddles/mud”
“to travel on foot”
Etymology of the term Police
and Patrol
Police
originated from the Greek word
POLITEIA
which means civil organization and the state;

Romans slightly changed the word to

POLITIA.

Cop is a European term meaning to catch or seize.

What is Patrol?
According to Hale, Patrol is the essence of
police function.

Payton, the Patrol Division is the backbone of a

police department.
“Development of police Patrol is closely
associated with the increase of human
population and the need for protection and
security”. (Payton)
Definition of Patrol

1. Regular tour of duty made by guard in place

in order to protect or maintain order.

2. Person or group of person sent to carry out a

tour of duty in a certain place with a
particular mission.
PURPOSE OF PATROL:

 To deter or eliminate the opportunity for

a suspect or suspects to commit a crime and
the apprehension of violators.
Police General Functions and
Obligations
 Enforcement of laws, decrees and ordinances
 Prevention of crime
 Protection of life and property from criminal
attack
 Preservation of peace and order
 Safeguarding the life of the citizens.
Why is that the citizens usually
call first the police when a social
problem:

 Constantly available when needed

 Dependable when called upon
 Capable to provide advice and decision-
making involving interpersonal conflicts.
FOUR MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF
POLICE

1. Crime prevention
2. Crime investigation
3. Traffic supervision
4. Promote public safety
 Police Exercise of Discretion
 Discretion
is defined as the wise use of one’s judgment,
wherein personal experience and common sense
is the factor to decide in a particular situation.
may also mean the freedom to decide: the
freedom or authority to judge something or make a
decision about it.

The act of police discretion – “dammed if they

shoot, dead if they don’t.
Concept of Patrol

 Patrol is the only form of police service that

directly attempts to eliminate the desire
and opportunity to commit misconduct
on the part of an individual.

 the only unit in the police organization which

directly and constantly in contact with
the public.
The Nature of Police Patrol

“Patrol is the backbone of the police

department.”

“The only division that cannot be eliminated

(operational heart of the organization)”
 Anatomy of Crime: (IMO)
Instrumentality
-means to commit the crime..

Motive
- The moving power that induced a person to
perpetuate the crime.

Opportunity
-acts or omission by the person that enables
another person to commit the crime.
 Primary Importance of Patrol
 Patrol is the essence of police functions.

 Single largest unit within the police organization.

 The actions taken by the police officers have a direct impact on citizen’s
satisfaction, and on the accomplishment of police goals and objectives.

 It is also the most visible form of police activity.

 Represents the police department in its contact with the community.

 The action of the patrol officer has far reaching consequences for the
police agency, for the citizenry, and for the quality of justice in the society.

 Police administrators must then be very supportive of the patrol mission.

Crime Prevention vs. Crime control

 1. CRIME PREVENTION – is the reduction or

the elimination of the desire and/or
opportunity to commit a felony.

 2. CRIME CONTROL- is the primary concern

of the police, as the saying goes, “control
before the act escalates into a serious
proportion”.
Role of Patrol
Division of Patrol Goals:

 Deterrence and Prevention

 Apprehension

 Non-criminal related services.

 Sense of community security and satisfaction

Recovery of stolen Property
 Patrol Functions and Activities
 Request to intervene in situations between husband
and wife.
 Between landlord and tenants
 Between businessmen and customers
 Conflicts among neighbors
 Quieting of loud disco parties
 Dispersion of unlawful assemblies
 Report to corresponding agencies underground
water pipe leaks, open manholes, clogged drainage,
uncollected garbage etc.
Specialized Patrol Method- is defined as the
activities of officers who are relieved of the
responsibility for handling routine calls for
services in order to concentrate on specific
crime problem and the on- site apprehension
of offenders.
Crime Analysis- is the process by which
selected types of information concerning
crimes and criminal characteristics are collected
and evaluated for the purpose of identifying
trends, patterns, or traits.
Operations- encompasses the traditional line
functions for which a law enforcement agency
is created.

Management- is the process of integrating

tasks and resources towards the attainment of
organizational goals.
 Two categories of police functions:

1. Maintenance of Peace and Order

2. Law Enforcement
Two broad duties of police while on patrol;
1. Provide Public Protection

a. Preventive Enforcement
- Progressive and continuous patrolling
b. Selective Enforcement
-selected area where crimes are likely to occur…
2. Render Social Services
a. information services
b. police escort
c. assisting other agencies
d. serving court notices (warrants)
Two Organizational units:
(FUNTE)
Functional Units: (BDSU)

 Bureau
 Division
 Section
 Units
Territorial Units: PRBSD
 Post
 Route
 Beat
 Sector
 District
Principles that enable goals of
organizing the patrol affairs are
achieved:

1. Simplicity
2. Organizing by Function
3. Chain of Command
4. Span of Control
5. Unity of Command
Simplicity- an organizational plan should be
simple enough to be clearly understood by all
concerned yet detailed enough to provide clear
lines of authority and responsibility.
 Organizing by function-

grouping similar tasks, job assignments, and function

together and placing them under a single supervisor
or command officer.

-Division of work , specialization.

 Police tasked are grouped according to:
1. Function
2. Process
3. Method
4. Clientele
5. Geographic area
6. Time of day
 Authority- the right to give orders and the
power to extract obedience- whoever
exercises authority has responsibility.

 Chain of command
the chain of superiors ranging from the
ultimate authority to the lowest ranks.
 Span of control
pertains to the maximum number of
employees an immediate supervisor can
effectively manage.

 Unity of command
employee receiving orders from only one
supervisor
Police Personnel Distribution:
Police Activity Percentage

1. Patrol Functions 50%

2. Criminal Investigation 15%
3. Traffic Functions 10%
4. Vice & Juvenile Related Functions 10%
5. Administrative Functions 10%
6. Auxiliary Functions 5%
PATROL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

 Crime Prevention
 Criminal Apprehension
 Law Enforcement
 Order Maintenance
 Traffic Enforcement
 Public Services
Variables that influence the kind
of patrol chosen:

 The size, location and composition of the

area being served
 Type of crime and police problems
experienced
 Community expectation
 Financial, material, and human resources
 Relationship with other law enforcement
agencies
 Factors to be considered in determining the
size of the beat:

 Area to be patrolled
 Man-made and natural barriers
 Number of men to patrol the areas
 Factors to be considered in determining the
number of men to be deployed:

 Size or area to be patrolled

 Topography (physical characteristics or
terrain of the area)
 Crime rate
 Possible problems to be encountered on the
beat
 Fundamental Theories of Patrol
1. Theory of Police Omnipresence
-High police visibility discourage criminals.
-This theory applies the principles of overt
operation or high police visibility.
2. Low Profile Theory
-Low police visibility increases the opportunity to
apprehend criminals.
-The principles of covert operation is integrated in
this theory.
TYPES OF PATROL

 Bicycles
 Marine Patrol
 Air Patrol
 Horse Patrol
 Automobile
 Motorcycles
 Foot
Automobile:

 Most extensively used and most effectively

means of transportation
 Disadvantages

 Lack of mobility in densely populated areas

 Reduce observation ability
 High maintenance cost
 Traffic collision
Advantages:

 Mobility
 More economical compare to foot patrol
 More effective in pursuit of offenders
 Reduce Police response crime
 Allow transportation of prisoners
 Protection from the element
 Use as barricade during roadblock
 Provide an element of surprise
Do’s in Automobile Patrol

1. Minimize behind hills or curves or

signboards to trap traffic violator.
2. Check your parking lots patrol area stolen
vehicle.
3. Get out from the patrol car regularly.
4. Thoroughly check the car before leaving the
garage.
5. In stopping and checking vehicle, park on
the rear side of the suspected vehicle.
6. Make it a habit not to leave the key on the
police car even just for a minute.
7. Always jot down the plate numbers of
suspected vehicle.
8. Maintain constant communication in the
headquarter when patrolling.
9. Check the occupants of the vehicles that
stops beside and behind you.
10. Set as an example to other motorists
Don’ts in automobile patrol:

1. Do not established route pattern.

2. Do not spend to much time in drive-inns or

coffee shop

3. Do not develop a habit of using only the

main arteries.
Mobile Patrolling: Concept
of Operation

Radio cars shall be allocated to areas in

accordance with;

 Volume of crime incidence

 Need for police service
 Prevalence of hazards
Two Phases to consider in Managing
Mobile Patrol

 Administrative Aspect

 Staff supervisor – an inspector in charge of shift or

platoon
 Disposition officer – supervising deskman
 Deskman- patrolman assigned to receive phone calls
from public and reports from mobile patrol crews.
 Dispatcher – patrolman in charge of the radio control
room that are dispatching mobile patrol crew to scene
of assignments, transmitting, and receiving, recording
radio message.
Operational Aspect

 Field supervisor – one who

supervise mobile crew in the field,
for discipline and performance.
 Crew – normally two man
complement of uniformed
patrolman in the radio car, one
acting as the driver and the other
as the recorder.
Motorcycle
Advantages:

 Maneuverability

 Parade
 Disadvantages:

 Danger involved

 Inability to carry large amount of equipment

 No protection in the event of an accident, bad

weather
 High cost to operate
Aircraft Patrol

2 Types of Aircraft Patrol:

1. fixed-wing patrol

2. helicopter
Advantages of Fixed-wing
Aircraft:
1. Patrolling long stretches of highways.

2. Excellent for traffic control in long stretches.

3. Good for search and surveillance

Disadvantages:

1. Very expensive to operate

2. Need a span of flat land for lift up or landing.

Advantages of Helicopter patrol

1. increased visual scope;

2. able to travel at low speeds, and hover if
necessary;
3. Rapid emergency transportation of personnel
4. More efficient for rescue, medical evacuation,
and surveillance.
5. Improved response time for emergency calls.
6. Ability in conducting searches
 DISADVANTAGES:
 Bad weather will ground the helicopter
 Difficulty in landing in urban areas
 Refueling problems
 Criminal can hear the helicopter coming and
surprise is lost
 Very expensive
 Public complaints about the noise
 Smog and light or clouds affect visibility
 Many tactical problems to overcome, exact location
of police units on the ground.
Marine/water/river patrol

 Known as Forgotten heroes.

Disadvantage:
 High maintenance cost
Advantages:
 Use for search and rescue (drowning cases)
 Anti-smuggling operation
 General surveillance
 General enforcement of maritime regulations
BICYCLES
Disadvantage:
 Limited capacity in carrying equipment
 Leave the patrol officer extremely vulnerable
Advantages:
 Mobility and stealth
 It is economical
 Used by plainclothesmen for surveillance
 Use in crowded areas
 Effective in combating theft, vandalism in parks,
shopping malls, etc.
 Covered areas not accessible by patrol cars or are
too wide for foot patrol.
HORSE patrol
-This method of patrol is decreasing in the US but
is still used in some large cities for crowd and traffic
control.

-used for covering area not accessible by

automobile like grass field or desert.

Disadvantages
 Maintenance cost
 Not good in chasing
 Can be used in steep and rough terrain Parade
and crowd patrol
Advantages:
Valuable in search-and rescue efforts in rural
and wilderness areas.

More effective in controlling a disorderly

crowds.
Canine (K9) Assisted
Patrol/Dog patrol

 Dogs are best suited in patrol work for

locating prowlers, burglars hiding in large
building or stores.

 Control of unruly crowds and riot.

First people to use K-9 for Patrol purposes:

EGYPTIANS
Breeds of dogs best suited for
Police Works (GLABS-BRAND)
German Shepherd
Labrador Retrievers
Alaskan Malamutes
Bloodhounds
Schnauzers
Bouviers
Rottweilers
Airdale terriers
Newfoundlands
Doberman Pinchers
Uses of K9 (SPD-CBP)

1. Search and rescue assistance

2. Protection for patrol officer
3. Detection of narcotics and bombs
4. Great value in Crowd control
5. Effective in finding Bodies( dead or alive,
just or buried for years)
6. Public relations efforts.
Key to successful use of
police dogs:

 Understanding and willing master

 Proper selection and training of dogs

WOLVES

- Wireless Operational Link and Video

Exploration System.
Disadvantages of K9 (het)

1. Only one handler

2. Expensive

3. Territorial
Foot Patrol
-restricted to small areas;
- used to deal with special situations while
maintaining radio contact with officers in patrol
cars.
-most expensive type of patrol
-vintage type of patrol

Types of Foot Patrol:

1. Fixed
-traffic, surveillance, parades and special events
2. Moving
- Business or shopping centers & high crime area
Don’ts in Foot Patrol:

 Do not establish a set of pattern.

 Do not smoke nor drink while on patrol.

 Do not immediately Open the door when

intending to enter, observe and evaluate the
situation first.
Advantages of Foot Patrol:
 High police visibility
 Places not accessible by motor vehicles are
reached
 Easy detection of criminal activities

 Easy familiarization on the lay out of beat

 Personal contact with the public.

Patrol Methods:
1. Beat Patrol
a. Foot Patrol
b. Bicycle Patrol

2. Sector Patrol (Motorized Patrol)

a. Automobile Patrol
b. Motorcycle Patrol
c. Aircraft Patrol (Helicopter and Fixed Wing)

3. Specialized Patrol Methods

a. Horse (mounted) Patrol
b. Marine (water) Patrol
Street Knowledge
- a thorough geographic knowledge of the
patrol area
-understanding the character, fears, concerns,
problems and attitudes of the local residents.
Question?

What law introduced foot patrol in

the Philippines?

Act. 185
When was traditional Foot patrol initiated in
the Philippines?

August 7, 19o1
Considered as the First Organized Foot
Patrol?

BOW STREET RUNNERS OF

LONDON
Prevention vs. Suppression?
Prevention
- anticipation, recognition and appraisal of
crime risk and the initiation of positive
actions to remove or reduce risk.

Suppression
-deals with apprehension, investigation, trial,
correction and punishment of criminal.
› Patrol officer performs certain, specific,
predetermined preventive functions on a planned and
systematic basis.
› As the name implies, are targeted or directed toward
specific persons, places, or events.
› TOP consist of either Location-oriented, Offender-
oriented, or Event-oriented patrol.
› Combines the elements of HVP, LVP, and DDP to
identify persons, places, or events which attract or
create crime problems.
 A. LOCATION ORIENTED PATROL (LOP) is the
process of conducting intensified surveillance over
selected areas that have been identified through
crime analysis or through intelligence data as being
high- risk areas for the commission of selected types
of crime.

 B. OFFENDER ORIENTED PATROL (OOP)- involves

the maintenance of intensified surveillance over
individuals who are likely to be planning, preparing
for, or committing an offense.

 C. EVENT- ORIENTED PARTROL (EOP)- is simply

the identification of events which may require the
application of intensified patrol efforts or different
kinds of patrol strategies due to the nature of the
problem they may create
› An alternative patrol system which means the fielding
of the field units in their respective area of
responsibility with prescribed objectives and
verifiable tasks scheduled for the day to augment the
calls and other on sight activities that makes up the
officer’s day.

› a traditional patrol activity which consists of driving

around the district waiting for something to happen.
› This is a patrol method that relies heavily upon
disguise, deception, and lying in wait rather then
upon high-visibility patrol techniques.

› Decoy means… “trap, bait, or induce”

The Traditional Foot Patrol
Patterns:
 Clockwise Patrol Pattern
 Short beats, well for foot patrol.
 Rectangular/square size of beat.
 Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern
 The reverse of clockwise pattern with the same
characteristic of an area to be patrolled.
 Zigzag or Free Wheeling Patrol Pattern
 Done by patrolling the streets within the perimeter
of the beat not at random but with definite target
location where he knows his presence is necessary.
 Straightway and Criss-cross Patrol Pattern
 Hazard oriented patrol.
Strategic objective of Police
Omnipresence

 A feeling of security on the part of the law

abiding citizen

 a feeling of fear on the part of the would be

criminals

 A feeling of confidence that the police are

constantly available to respond to any situation.
CONTEMPORARY
POLICING
STRATEGIES
 COPS
 Community Oriented Policing System.

 deploying of policemen in police blocks to provide

police and public safety services.

 breaking down of large and impersonal police

departments into small units to create as series of
mini-police precints, which are responsive to the
smaller communities.

Team Polic

 Participative Law Enforcement

- it is a system where the citizenry and the
police work together for mutual responsibility
of the police and the people.
Problem-oriented Policing
System

-focus on crime in the community.

-introduced by HERMAN GOLDSTEIN

 What are the objectives of the PNP’s New
COPS?
 To enhance police visibility in order to reach
out to the community to serve the resident a
policing out.
 To improve police community relation to gain
public acceptance, build mutual respect and
trust and promote cooperation
 To attend sustained and integrated police-
community participation, in crime prevention
and suppression
What is the so-called “House Visitation”?
It is a function of NCOB’s where police officers on
patrol visit every house and work place to offer
crime prevention advice and to organize the
neighborhood crime watch groups.

What is the so-called “Street Questioning”

method?
It is a method whereby policeman on patrol may
interview within the bounds of law suspicious
personalities at random in order to serve as a
deterrent to those intended to commit a crime.
What is the Police Social Service of the PNP?
It is a project that concerns a wide variety of
activities such as physical fitness and sports
development and formation and education and
livelihood projects
Different Types of Calls Response by the
Police Patrol:

 a. Routine call
-under this category, the mobile car is required
to observe all traffic laws and rules and does not
normally use its flashing lights and siren while
on its way.
 b. Urgent call
-This is similar to routine call, which also
requires the responding police car to observe
all traffic rules and does not use flashing
lights and siren. However, it proceeds
directly to its destination, except for
extreme circumstances.
 c. Emergency call- this category requires the
use of the use of flashing lights and
fluctuating siren. It is permissible to violate
traffic laws.
Patrol Response Priorities:

 First Priority Incidents;

A. Crimes in progress
B. Traffic accidents with serious injuries
C. Civil disturbances
D. Others which are alarming and
scandalous
Critical Time

- Time between the commission of crime and

the call to the police

Response Time
-time the patrol officer dispatched his post
where the assignment was received and
arrival at the scene.
 Second Priority Incidents

A. Felony complaints
B. Crime is no longer in progress
C. Traffic accidents that do not involve injuries
D. Assistance to another emergency services
E. Misdemeanors or public disturbance
Third Priority Incidents
A.Misdemeanor complaints
B. Minor traffic accidents and other incidents
that disrupts traffic
C. Other calls for service that are indirectly
related to law enforcement

Fourth Priority Incidents- any other kinds of incidents or

call for service would be treated as fourth priority.
Preferable time of response:

A. First priority response time is preferably NOT

MORE THAN FIVE MINUTES.
B. Second priority incidents should be handled
within 10 to 15 minutes
C. Third priority events should be handled not
more than 20 to 30 minutes
D. Longer response time will be disastrous to
the police administrator and the
organization.
 Types of Patrol Shift

a. Staggered shift system

1. night shift 2:00 PM to 10:00 PM
2. Evening shift 10:00 PM to 2:00 AM
3 . Afternoon 4:00 PM to 12:00 midnight
4. Day shift10:00 AM to 6:00 PM
b. Peak period shift – typical workload period
1. 4:00 PM – 10:00 PM week days
2. 5:00 PM – 11:00PM Fridays and Saturdays
3. 3:00 PM – 9:00 PM Sundays

c. Relief Shift (three shift)

12:00AM – 8:00 AM
8:00AM-4:00PM
4:00PM – 12:00AM
Modern System Patrol
Modernization Program – these includes but
not limited to;
A. Education for police officers
B. Procurement of modern police equipment
C. Right definitions of police powers and
limitations
D. Police professionalization as mandated by
new laws
E. Integration of several law enforcement
agencies into one umbrella (DILG)
 Systems of Patrol

 The common patrol strategies being applied by

the traditional patrol officers are;

 The clockwise pattern

 The counter clockwise pattern
 The zigzag or free wheeling pattern
 The straightway and crises cross pattern
Modernization Program

 Education for police officers

 Procurement of modern police equipment
 Right definitions of police powers and
limitations
 Police professionalization as mandated by
new laws
 Integration of several law enforcement
agencies into one umbrella (DILG)
Expansion Programs

 Community service involvement

 Police outreach to the community

 Inter-agency coordination

 Other police services not directly related to

police matters
Moral Upliftment

 Salary standardization

 Housing benefits

 Promotions

 Study grants of dependents of police officers

(who suffers in line of duty)

 And other social benefits.

Skill Development-

 In-service trainings

 Overseas trainings

 Specialized trainings for special units

 Consistent physical fitness

 Other related skills development

Team Policing Strategy

 Specialization of functions
 Centralized administration
 Hierarchical chain of command principle
 Unquestioned obedience to authority,
and
 Strict regulations of patrol operations
Organizational Features of
Team Policing

o Unity of supervision
o Low-level flexibility in decision-making
o Unified delivery of services
o Combined investigation and patrol
functions
 What are the primary line units concerned
with the accomplishment of the police
operational tasks?
-patrol, investigation, traffic, vice and
juvenile patrol
 What are the secondary or auxiliary units
concerned with the service tasks?
records, property custodian, jails, crime
laboratory services, transportation, and
communication.
 What are the administrative or managerial
units?
personnel, intelligence, planning, budgeting,
and training in community relations.
Two Methods of Roping
 Deductive
- the process of detecting and arriving at a logical
conclusion as to the identity of the suspect
through education of all attending circumstances.

 Inductive
-the reverse of the latter, wherein the process of
identification of the suspect starts to the suspect
himself. The investigator will identify first the
suspect before sourcing out evidences, which
directly incriminate him.
POLICE/PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM FORMS AND SYSTEMS

 The World Wide Web – it is a part of the internet

which utilizes a wide variety of features such as
graphics, photographs, sounds or video clips.

 Hypertext – a web browser text that transmits

the user to another website by means of clicking
on highlighted text. It provides access to
graphics, sounds or video clips.
 Home Page – the web page designated as
being the first page seen upon entering the
website.

 Web Site – any document located in a web

site, or any location in the internet capable of
storing web pages or hypertext information.
Concept of Communication
System
 Communication
-is the transfer of meaning.

 Communication is the transmission or

exchange of information between senders
to one or more receivers in a way that
creates the understanding intended by the
sender.
 Manners and Modes of
Communication

 Formal Communication
– that which occurs with in a formal organization

 Informal Communication
– that which occur within the framework of the
informal organization
 Verbal Communication
– consist of the use of spoken words or
verbalization to send messages to others.
 Non-Verbal Communication
– refers to behaviors such as the inflection of
the voice, emphasis to given words, gestures,
behaviors, or expressions of the body that
impart information to a receiver.
Two forms of Verbal
Communication:

 Oral – direct use of speech or speaking.

 Written – another form of verbal

communication that occurs from a distance,
i.e written message, memoranda, SOP’s etc.
Examples of Non-verbal
Commmunications:

 Walking – fast, slow, stamping

 Posture – rigid, relax, nervous

 Eye Content - direct, indirect, shifting

 Gesture – nod, shrug, finger point

Elements of communication:

 Sender
 Message
 Medium/channel
 Receiver
Sender
-one who gives or sends message.
Purpose Communication:

a. To offer communication
b. To persuade someone or something
c. To get someone to take action
Message
- Any thought or idea explain in plain or coded
languages suitable for transmission by any
means of communication.
Medium or Channel

- the technologies for delivering messages

challenge
The Receivers
-One who receives the message.
Process of Communication:
1. ENCODING- creating message

2. TRANSMISSION- passing the message thru

medium/channel

3. DECODING- receiving message/interpreting

 4. FEEDBACK- making response or reply to the

message received.
-an indication that the message was
understood.
 Categories of Communication

 Speech – may have been one of the first

complex communication bridges between
human.

 Written Language – Aside from its availability

than memory would, it is a powerful tool of
mass communication and cornerstone for
civilization.
 Barriers to Effective Communication
 Miller and Hess enumerated the Barriers as
follows:
 an greatly interfere with an officer’s ability to
communicate.
 Lack of Time – is another barrier to effective
communication.
 The use of Jargons – the technical language of a
profession is another barrier to communication..
 Lack of Feedback – can also reduce effective
communication.
 A Failure to Listen – is one of those common and
most serious barriers to effective communication.
 Judging – “you’re wrong”, judging seriously
interferes with listening.
 Superiority – an “I am more important than
you”, attitude can seriously hinder
communication.
 Certainty – “my minds made up”, “Don’t”
confuse me with the facts”.
 Controlling – “let me tell how this should be
done”, few people appreciate being told how to
act or what to do.
 Manipulation – “Gatcha”, it is manipulative to
communicate with hidden motives to get people
to unknowingly agree or act in certain way. The
manipulator uses people.
 Indifference – “you’re not important”, “what you
think doesn’t matter”.
Bug
An electronic listening device planted for
electronic surveillance purposes.

Bugging
placing hidden microphone.
Code
system of words, groups of letters or symbols
selected as substitute to other words for
security purposes.

Cryptograph
the art or science of making, devising,
inventing or protecting codes and ciphers.
Need-To-Know Basis
-access to classified matters may only be given
to those persons to whom it is necessary for the
fulfilment of their duty.

RA 4200
Anti- Wiretapping Law
 Technical Surveillance
observation of places and activities with the
used of gadgets, electronic gear and special
hardware.
 END…..
Thank You for
Listening!!!!

fmb