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Green

Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy that promotes the design of chemicals and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It encourages the use of renewable starting materials, catalysts over stoichiometric reagents, and safer solvents and auxiliaries. The 12 principles of green chemistry developed by Anastas and Warner provide a framework for designing chemicals and processes that are less hazardous to human health and the environment.

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94 views

Green

Green chemistry is a chemical philosophy that promotes the design of chemicals and processes to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It encourages the use of renewable starting materials, catalysts over stoichiometric reagents, and safer solvents and auxiliaries. The 12 principles of green chemistry developed by Anastas and Warner provide a framework for designing chemicals and processes that are less hazardous to human health and the environment.

Uploaded by

Gopal Sharma
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GREEN CHEMISTRY

Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a


chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products
and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and
generation of hazardous substances

Click chemistry is a chemical philosophy introduced by


K. Barry Sharpless in 2001 and describes chemistry
tailored to generate substances quickly and reliably by
joining small units together. This is inspired by the fact
that nature also generates substances by joining small
modular units.
In 2005 Ryoji Noyori identified three key developments in
green chemistry: use of supercritical carbon dioxide as
green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for clean
oxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis.
Examples of applied green chemistry are
supercritical water oxidation, on water reactions, and
dry media reactions.

Bioengineering is also seen as a promising technique for


achieving green chemistry goals. A number of important
process chemicals can be synthesized in engineered organisms,
such as shikimate, a Tamiflu precursor which is fermented by
Roche in bacteria.
The Principle
Paul Anastas and John C. Warner developed 12 principles of green
chemistry, which help to explain what the definition means in
practice.
The principles cover such concepts as:
•the design of processes to maximize the amount of raw material that
ends up in the product
•the use of safe, environment-benign substances, including solvents,
whenever possible;
•the design of energy efficient processes;
the best form of waste disposal: not to create it in the first place.
Principle 1:
Prevent waste: Design chemical syntheses to prevent
waste, leaving no waste to treat or clean up.

Many strategies exist in chemical synthesis that go beyond


converting reactant A to reaction product B. In
CASCADE reactions multiple chemical transformations take
place within a single reactant, in multi-component reactions
up to 11 different reactants form a single reaction product
and in a telescopic synthesis one reactant goes through
multiple transformations without isolation of intermediates.

A cascade reaction or tandem reaction or domino


reaction is a consecutive series of intramolecular
organic reactions which often proceed via highly
reactive intermediates.
Cascade reaction

H
N S-M+ N
Cu(I), K2CO 3, SH
S S
X Ligand (L)
X = Br, I
H
N Ar Ar-I N
S S
S Cu(I), K2CO 3, S
Ligand (L)
Multicomponent reaction

In chemistry, a multi-component reaction (or MCR) is a


chemical reaction where three or more compounds react to
form a single product.

Biginelli reaction
Principle 2:

Design safer chemicals and products: Design chemical


products to be fully effective, yet have little or no toxicity.

Chemicals include inorganic substances such as lead,


mercury, asbestos, hydrofluoric acid, and chlorine gas,
organic compounds such as methyl alcohol, most
medications, and poisons from living things.
LD 50
Principle 3:
Design less hazardous chemical syntheses: Design syntheses
to use and generate substances with little or no toxicity to
humans and the environment.

Principle 4:
Use renewable feedstock: Use raw materials and feedstock
that are renewable rather than depleting. Renewable
feedstock are often made from agricultural products or are
the wastes of other processes; depleting feedstock are made
from fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, or coal) or are
mined.
Principle 5:
Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents: Minimize waste by
using catalytic reactions. Catalysts are used in small amounts
and can carry out a single reaction many times. They are
preferable to stoichiometric reagents, which are used in excess
and work only once.
Catalytic Turnover number

In enzymology, turnover number (also termed kcat) is defined as the


maximum number of molecules of substrate that an enzyme can convert
to product per catalytic site per unit of time.
For example, carbonic anhydrase has a turnover number of 400,000 to
600,000 s-1, which means that each carbonic anhydrase molecule can
produce up to 600,000 molecules of product (CO2) per second.
In other chemical fields, such as organometallic catalysis,
turnover number (abbreviated TON) is used with a
slightly different meaning: the number of moles of
substrate that a mole of catalyst can convert before
becoming inactivated.

An ideal catalyst would have an infinite turnover


number in this sense, because it wouldn't ever be
consumed, but in actual practice one often sees turnover
numbers which go from 100 to a million or more.
The term turnover frequency (abbreviated TOF) is used
to refer to the turnover per unit time, as in enzymology.
Principle 6:
Avoid chemical derivatives: Avoid using blocking or
protecting groups or any temporary modifications if possible.
Derivatives use additional reagents and generate waste.

Example of peptide synthesis

Principle 7:

Maximize atom economy: Design syntheses so that the final


product contains the maximum proportion of the starting
materials. There should be few, if any, wasted atoms.
• Atom economy (atom efficiency) describes the conversion
efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved. In
an ideal chemical process the amount of starting materials or
reactants equals the amount of all products generated and no atom
is wasted.

• Atom economy can be written as:


• % atom economy =
Molecular weight of the product/Molecular weight of all
reactants x 100

• Note that atom economy can be poor even when chemical yield is
near 100%-
• Alder reaction is an example of a potentially very atom efficient
• Atom economy is just one way to evaluate a chemical process.
Other criteria can include energy consumption, pollutants released
and price.
Principle 8:

Use safer solvents and reaction conditions: Avoid using


solvents, separation agents, or other auxiliary chemicals. If
these chemicals are necessary, use innocuous chemicals. If a
solvent is necessary, water is a good medium as well as
certain eco-friendly solvents that do not contribute to smog
formation or destroy the ozone.

Fire, Perpxide, smog, health effect (MeOH), health effect,


environment contamination (soil)
Principle 9:
Increase energy efficiency: Run chemical reactions at
ambient temperature and pressure whenever possible.

Principle 10:
Design chemicals and products to degrade after use:
Design chemical products to break down to innocuous
substances after use so that they do not accumulate in
the environment.
Principle 11:
Analyze in real time to prevent pollution: Include in-process
real-time monitoring and control during syntheses to
minimize or eliminate the formation of byproducts.

Principle 12:
Minimize the potential for accidents: Design chemicals
and their forms (solid, liquid, or gas) to minimize the
potential for chemical accidents including explosions,
fires, and releases to the environment.

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