GL2:1
Engineering Communications GL2
Geometric modelling
Projection Systems
• Lecture presentations available on WWW:
http://www.mame.mu.oz.au/~mcg/EngCom
GL2:2
A graphic is a representation
on a 2-D surface of a 3-D scene
• An artist may attempt to
create a ‘realistic’ image.
• Note the use of
perspective.
• In fact, there are
distortions in this
picture, and it does not
create the same
projection on the retina
as a real scene would.
GL2:3
Meaning may be communicated
better by deliberate distortion
GL2:4
In engineering graphics:
• a variety of types of distorted images
are available to communicate meaning
• strict rules apply to the construction and
interpretation of these images
• a universal language of graphic
communication is thus achieved
GL2:5
2-D projection
View point
3-D object
Projection
rays
Perspective
projection
Projection plane
Engineering graphics are obtained by projection
from the 3-D object to the viewing surface (the
projection plane)
Types of GL2:6
projection
• Perspective projection is
rarely used in manual
drawing
• Rather, we us a variety of
orthographic projections,
for which the projection
rays are parallel
GL2:7
View
2-D projection
point
at
3-D object Parallel
projection
rays
Projection plane
In orthographic projection, the projection
rays are parallel (view point at infinity)
Perspective projection is useful for
GL2:8
‘non technical’ communications
Perspective renderings for marketing, etc. are readily
obtained with computer-aided drawing (CAD) systems
Projection techniques
GL2:9
Orthogonal (multiview) Axonometric
Bertoline, et al. Fig. 9.2
Oblique Perspective
GL2:10
Categories of orthographic projection
Orthographic projection
( Parallel projectors)
Orthogonal Axonometric Oblique
Normal to Normal to Inclined to
Projectors
projection plane projection plane projection plane
Principal Parallel to Inclined to Parallel to
plane of projection plane projection plane projection plane
object
GL2:11
Third-angle orthogonal projection
Top view Top horizontal plane
Glass projection box
First quadrant
Third quadrant
Left
Front
side
vertical
view
plane
Left profile plane Front view
GL2:12
Third-angle orthogonal projection
horizontal plane
horizontal plane
depth
vertical
plane
depth behind width
top
vertical plane
(plan
depth depth behind
)
left
profile
vertical plane height below view
horizontal plane
plane
left height
fron
side t
view view
left profile plane vertical plane
GL2:13
Axonometric projection
• Lines of sight perpendicular to projection plane
• Principal axes all inclined to projection plane
TRIMETRIC DIMETRIC ISOMETRIC
C
C C
A
B
B A B A
z
z z
y x x y x
y
Example: Example: Always:
A=120º B=130º C=110º A=C=131.5º B=97º A = B = C = 120º
x:y:z = 1 : 0.808 : 0.938 x : y : z = 0.5 : 1 : 1 x:y:z=1:1:1
GL2:14
Z Isometric projection
A B isometric projection
projection plane
0.816
b A = B = C = 120°
= b = 30°
C
X Y
Scale ratios = (2/3) = 0.816
X:Y:Z=1:1:1
For an isometric drawing, scale = FS on each axis
GL2:15
Oblique projection
Full scale
Scale = cot
Full scale
Principal object face parallel to projection plane
GL2:16
Varieties of oblique projection
Cavalier
Cabinet
General
Isometric sketch
GL2:17
width
Top view
Set square
height
T-square
Side view Front view
Projections of a cube compared ...
GL2:18
Oblique
(Cabinet)
Isometric
Full scale
45º
Full scale radius = 1
60º 30º 30º
semi-minor axis = (1/2)
semi-major axis = (3/2)
GL2:19
Introduction to
Cartesio
software
(download from
EngCom homepage)
GL2:20
Follow up
• Read Bertoline:
–§ 4.5: Introduction to Projections
–§ 8.1: Projection Theory
–§ 8.2: Multiview Projection Planes
–§ 8.3:Advantages of Multiview Drawings
• Do problems from Bertoline:
– Probs 4.2(6)(47), 4.3(2)(6)
• Check the EngCom web site
