Sistem Tenaga Elektrik

Week 7
 Poly-phase System

Polyphase system : system with polyphase sources

Single source (Vs)
Notice the instantaneous voltage maybe zero
 The instantaneous power will be zero
V

T 2T
 
3T t
They all have 120o phase differences
Poly sources Vs1 ,Vs2 ,Vs3  The instantaneous power will never
be zero.
V

T 2T 3T t
 Poly-phase System

V  Vs1  Vs2  Vs3

• The incident with a zero voltage has been exempted.

• The source power can be delivered more stably.

• The polyphase systems can provide multiple output voltage levels.

• Polyphase systems in practice certain sources which maybe approximated

by ideal voltage sources, or ideal voltage sources in series with small
internal impedances.
 Poly-phase System

a b
8A 4A

For note c : c d e f
I cd  ? I de  2A I ef
5A  8A  I cd , I cd  3A 5A I fj  3A
 6A I ij
For note f : j
g h i
I ef  4A  3A , I ef  7A
2A 10A
For note j : k l
I ij  3A  4A10A , I ij  7A
Notations

c Van  10000V

 Vbn  100  1200V
n    a Vcn  100  2400V




Vab  Van  Vnb

b  Van  Vbn
The voltage of a
point with  10000V  100  1200V
respect to b point
a +; b -;  173.2300V
Similarly, Iab denotes the current from point a to b.
Test with graphical analysis ? (Using the phasor diagram)
 Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Function: allowing household electronics operating at two levels of voltages to be

applied.

Voltage characteristics
1-phase a
Van  Vnb
3-wire n
Source Vab  2Van  2Vnb
b
Household electronics may either operate with
a 110V or with 220V
V1 Phase characteristics
n Van  Vnb Van  Vbn
V2
b Van  Vbn  0
 Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Current characteristics
A a
I Nn  I bB  I aA
V1 Zp
V1 V
N n I bB  I Aa  1
Zp Zp
V1 Zp
I Nn  0
B b
This is no current in the neutral wire.

How if the two Z p are NOT equal, and all the wires have impedances ?

This is a more practical scenario.

 Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Example 1
1 ① Determine the power delivered to the
50, 100 and the 20  j10 Loads.
1150 V
0
I1 50 20
② Determine the power lost in the three
3 lines represented by 1 3 and 10
I2 respectively.
1150 0 V I3
10
100 j10
③ Determine the transmission efficiency?

total power absorbed by the loads

η=
total power generated by the sources

Hints: observe a structure with regular meshes and know impedances, we can
determine the currents I1, I2 and I3 in order to find out the power being lost
and delivered!
Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Apply KVL for the three meshes.

 11500 V  1  I1  50  I1  I 2   3I1  I 3   0

20  j10  I 2  100  I 2  I3   50I 2  I1   0
 11500 V  3  I 3  I1   100I 3  I 2   1  I 3  0

Rearranging them in a matrix form as

 54  50  3   I1  11500 
 50 170  j10  100  I    0 
  2   
  3  100 104   I 3  11500 
Single-phase Three-wire Systems

If can be calculated:

I1  11.24  19.830 A I1 I 2  2.02∠ 2.27o A

I 2  9.389  24.47 0 A
I3 I 2  1.08∠ 2.12o A
I 3  10.37  21.80 A 0

Hence, the average power delivered to each of the loads are:

P50  I1  I 2  50  206 W 
2


P100  I 3  I 2 100  117 W  Total loaded power  2086W
2

P20 j10  I 2  20  1763W 

2

Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Power lost in three wires are:

PaA  I1 1  126 W
2


PbB  I 3 1  108W Total lost power  237W
2

PnN  I nN  3  I 3  I1  3  3W 
2 2

Power delivered to the load
Transmission efficiencyη   100%
total power generated
Total power generated by the two voltage sources is:

Psources  11511.24 cos19.830  11510.37  cos 21.800

 1216W  1107 W  2323W
2086W
Transmission efficiency  100%  89.8%
2323W
 Three Phase Y-Y connection

A
a  B
Voltage characteristics
 
b

 Vbn Balanced three-phase sources
Van (phasor voltages)
n
N
Van  Vbn  Vcn
 Van  Vbn  Vcn  0
 Vcn

 C
 Three Phase Y-Y connection

Positive phase sequence (abc) (clockwise rotation)

Van  V p 00
Vcn

Vbn  V p   1200 Vp
 240 0

Vcn  V p   240 0 Van

 120 0

Vbn
Negative phase sequence (cba) (Anti-clockwise rotation)
Vbn
Van  V p 0 0
120 0
Van
Vbn  V p 120 0
240 0
Vcn  V p 2400
Vcn
 Three Phase Y-Y connection

Line-to-line voltages (take the abc sequence as an example)

Vab  Van  Vnb  V p 00  V p 600  V p  V p cos 60  jVp sin 60
1 3
 Vp  Vp  Vp
2 2 Vca Vna Vnb Vab
Vbc  Vbn  Vnc  V p   120  V p   60
0 0 Vcn

1 1 Vnb
  Vp  Vp  0 Vna
2 2 Van
Vca  Vcn  Vna  V p   2400  V p 1800
1 3 Vbn Vnc
  Vp  Vp   Vp
2 2
Vnc
Vbc
Hence Vab  Vbc  Vca  0 verifies KVL.
 Three Phase Y-Y connection

Vab  3Vp 300 Vbc  3V p   900 Vca  3V p   2100

Voltage types magnitude Phasor difference

Phase voltages (V p ) Vp 120 0

Line-to-line voltages (V )
L 3V p 120 0
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y  Y connection

Current characteristics

I aA
I bB

b
B
a 
A
  Zp Zp


n N

 ZP
I cC
c C
Three Phase Y-Y connection

Consider three impedances Z p are connected between each line and

the neutral line.

V Vbn Van  1200

I aA an I bB   I aA  1200
Zp Zp Zp

Vcn V p   240
0

I cC   I aA  2400

Zp Zp
Hence I aA + I bB + I cC = 0

When balanced impedances are applied to each of the three lines and
the neutral line carries no current.
Three Phase Y-Y connection

Example 2
Phase voltages:
Van  20000 V, Vbn  200  1200 V, Vcn  200  2400 V
line-to-line voltage:
Vab  200 3300 V, Vbc  200 3  900 V, Vca  200 3  2100 V
Line currents: Van 20000
I aA   2  60 0
A
Z p 10060 0

I bB 2  1800 A I cC 2  3000 A

Power absorbed by the three loads

P  3  200  2  cos 60o  600W

 Three Phase Y-Y connection

Example 2
How about the instantaneous power?

van t   200 2 cost V


iaA t   2 2 cos t  600 A 
 
PaA t   van t  iaA t   200 2 cost V  2 2 cos t  600 A

 200  400 cos 2t  600 W
Similarly , the instantaneous total power absorbed by the loads are :
Pt   PA t   PB t   PC t 
 600  400 cos2t  60  400 cos2t  300  400 cos2t  180W
 600W
The total instantaneous power is NEVER ZERO.
 Three Phase Y-Y connection

• Example 3
A balanced three-phase system with a line voltage of 300V is supplying a balanced
Y-connected load with 1200W at a leading power factor (PF) of 0.8. Determine line
cuurent IL and per-phase load impedance Zp.
IL
The phase voltage is: Vp = 300/ 3 V.

The per-phase power is: 1200W/3 = 400W.
300

~ Zp
Therefore 400 = ( I L ) × 0.8 , and IL = 2.89A V p  300 3 Vrms
3
VP 300 3
The phase impedance is: | Z P |= = = 60Ω
IL 2.89

A leading PF of 0.8 implies the current leads the voltage, and the impedance angle
is: -argcos(0.8) = -36.9o
and Zp = 60∠ -36.9o Ω
Note: the apparent power of a Y-Y connected load is P = Van × IAN
(phase voltage × line current)
 The Delta (  ) Connection

The neural line close not exist. Balanced impedances are connected
between each pair of lines.

 b A ZP B
a 
 

Zp Zp
n


c C
 The Delta (  ) Connection

Voltage characteristics

Phase voltages Vp  Van  Vbn  Vcn

Line voltages VL  Vab  Vbc  Vca

VL  3V p ﹠ Vab  3V p 300

Current characteristics

Phase currents I p  I AB  I BC  I CA
Line currents I L  I aA  I bB  I cC  3I p
 The Delta (  ) Connection

Y connections  connections
Phase voltages Vp Vp

Line voltages VL  3V p VL  3V p
Phase currents Ip Ip
Line currents IL  I p I L  3I p
 The Delta (  ) Connection

• Example 4
Determine the amplitude of line current in a three-phase system with a line voltage
of 300V that supplies 1200W to a Δ-connected load at a lagging PF of 0.8.

The per-phase average power is: 1200W/3 = 400W

Therefore, 400W = VL ∙ IP ∙ 0.8 = 300V ∙ IP ∙ 0.8, and IP = 1.667A

The line current is: IL = 3 IP = 3 1.667A = 2.89A

Moreover, a lagging PF implies the voltage leads the current by argcos(0.8) = 36.9o
The impedance is:  VP 300
ZP   36.9o  180∠ 36.9o 
IP 1.667

Note: the apparent power of a Δ connected load is P = Vab × IAB

(line voltage × phase current)
 Power measurement

Wattmeter P  I V

I measured by measured by
current coil potential coil
current coil
Passive
  Network
V
potential coil

E.g. I  11.18153.4A
V  1000V
P  V  I cosangV  angI 
 100 11.18  cos0  153.4  1000W
 Power measurement

A
 Z P  B
a


1 Z P  Z P 

b 
c  C


2
 Power measurement

 
P1  VAB  I aA cosarg VAB  arg I aA   VL I L cos 300    

 VL I L cos 300   

P2  VCB  I cC cosarg VCB  arg I cC   VL I L cos 900  120    

 VL I L cos 300    3 1


P1 cos 30   0


cos 30 cos   sin 30 sin 
0 0

 tg
2 2 
3  tg

P2 cos 300   
cos 300 cos   sin 300 sin  3 1
 tg
3  tg
P2  P1 P2  P1 2 2
tg  3   arctg 3
P2  P1 P2  P1

reactive (PF=0) capacitive / inductive (0<PF<1) resistive (PF=1)

  
   , tg       , tg   , tg     0 , tg  0
2 2 2
π
P1  P2 ,     0, capacitive
P1   P2 2  P1  P2
P1  P2 , 0    , inductive
2
 Power measurement
a
 .
A 4 j15

• Example 6 
1
Vab  2300Vrms with positive phase sequence. b .
B N
.
(1) Find the reading of each wattmeter. 

(2) The total power absorbed by the loads. 2

With positive phase sequence , we know : c .

C

Vab  2300Vrms
Vbc  230  120Vrms
Vca  230  120Vrms
Wattmeter 1 reads IaAand Vac :
V  V  230  60Vrms
ac ca

 230   30
  
 
V 3
IaA  an
 8.554  105.1A
4  j15 4  j15
 Power measurement
a
 .
A 4 j15

• Example 7 
1

Wattmeter 1 reads : b .
B N
.
P1  Vac IaA cosangVac  angIaA  

 230  8.554  cos 60  105.1  1389 W
2

Wattmeter 2 reads IbB and Vbc :

c .
C

 230   150
  
IaB 
V bn
  3   8.554134.9A
4  j15 4  j15

P2  Vbc IbB cosangVbc  angIbB 

 230  8.554  cos 120  134.9  512.5W

Hence , P  P1  P2  876.5W