Methods of Cell Communication
• Multicellular organisms
release signaling molecules
to target other cells.
• Transmitting cells release
local regulators that
influence cells in the local
vicinity.
• Paracrine signaling occurs
when numerous cells can
simultaneously receive and
respond to growth factors
produced by a single cell
in their vicinity.
Methods of Cell Communication
• In synaptic signaling, a nerve cell
produces a neurotransmitter that diffuses
to a single cell that is almost touching the
sender.
• An electrical signal passing along the
nerve cell triggers secretion of the
neurotransmitter into the synapse.
• Nerve signals can travel
along a series of nerve
cells without unwanted
responses from other cells
Methods of Cell Communication
• Plants and animals use
hormones to signal at
greater distances.
• In animals…
• Specialized endocrine
cells release hormones
into the circulatory
system
• In plants…
• Vessels or by diffusion
in air
Methods of Cell Communication
• Direct contact
• Signaling
substances
dissolved in the
cytosol pass freely
between adjacent
cells
• Cells may also
communicate via
direct contact
between substances
on their surfaces
Stages of Cell Communication(3)
• Reception: a chemical signal
binds to a cellular protein,
typically at the cell’s surface.
• Transduction: binding leads to a
change in the receptor that
triggers a series of changes along
a signal-transduction pathway.
• Response: the transduced signal
triggers a specific cellular
activity.
Reception and Transduction
• Binding of a signaling molecule (ligand) to its specific receptor
induces a conformational change
• Most ligands are water-soluble and large
• Influence cell activities by binding to receptor proteins on the
plasma membrane.
• Three major types of receptors:
• G-protein-linked receptors
• Tyrosine-kinase receptors
• Ion-channel receptors.
Types of Receptors
• A G-protein-linked receptor
consists of a receptor protein
associated with a G-protein
on the cytoplasmic side.
• The receptor consists of
seven alpha helices spanning
the membrane.
• Include:yeast mating
factors, epinephrine,
other hormones, and
neurotransmitt
The G protein acts as an on-off switch.
If GDP is bound, the G protein is inactive.
If GTP is bound, the G protein is active .
Inactivating G-proteins
The G protein can also act as a GTPase enzyme and hydrolyzes the GTP, which activated it, to
GDP.
This change turns the G protein off.
The whole system can be shut down quickly when the extracellular signal molecule is no longer
present.
Tyrosine-kinase Receptors
An individual tyrosine-kinase
receptor consists of several
parts:
an extracellular signal-binding
sites,
a single alpha helix spanning
the membrane, and
an intracellular
tail with several
tyrosines.
Activation of Ty-K Receptors
• When ligands bind to
two receptor
polypeptides a dimer
is formed.
• These add phosphates
to the tyrosine tails of
the other polypeptide
• Activate a variety of
relay prot
Ion Channels
Protein pores that open or
close in response to a
chemical signal.
This allows or blocks ion
flow
Binding by a ligand
changes the protein’s
shape and opens the
channel
Ion flow changes the
concentration inside the
cell
When the ligand
dissociates, the channel
closes.
Transcription Factors
Testosterone, like other
hormones, travels through the
blood and enters cells
throughout the body.
In the cytosol, they bind and
activate receptor proteins.
These activated proteins enter
the nucleus and turn on genes
that control male sex
characteristics.
Signal Transduction
Pathways
Secondary Messengers
A common secondary messenger
is cAMP
Binding of the receptor activates
a G protein that activates
adenylyl cyclase in the plasma
membrane.
The cAMP diffuses and activates
a serine/threonine kinase, which
phosphorylates
other protein
Cellular Response
Stimulation of glycogen
breakdown
by epinephrine involves
a G-protein-linked
receptor, a G Protein
adenylyl cyclase
and cAMP, and
several protein
kinases before
glycogen
phosphorylase
is activated.
Other signaling
pathways do not
regulate the activity of
enzymes but the
synthesis of enzymes
or other proteins.
Activated receptors
may act as
transcription factors
that turn specific
genes on or off in the
nucleus.
The response of a particular cell to a signal depends on its particular collection of receptor proteins,
relay proteins, and proteins needed to carry out the response
Two cells that respond differently to the same signal
differ in one or more of the proteins that handle and
respond to the signal.
A single signal may follow a single pathway in one cell but trigger
a branched pathway in another.
Two pathways may converge to modulate a single response.
Branching of pathways and interactions between pathways are
important for regulating and coordinating a cell’s response to
incoming information
Rather than relying on diffusion
of large relay molecules like
proteins, many signal pathways
are linked together physically by
scaffolding proteins.
Scaffolding proteins may
themselves be relay proteins to
which several other relay
proteins attach.
Enhances speed
and accuracy of
signal transfer
between cells.
Peran Quercetin pada Neurotransmitter
TERIMA KASIH – SELAMAT BELAJAR
Dr. Dra. Trini Suryowati, MS.
