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Complex Power & Power Factor Correction: Fredi Prima Sakti

1) Complex power refers to the total power supplied in a circuit including both real power (P) and reactive power (Q). Apparent power (S) is the vector sum of real and reactive power. 2) Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and current waveforms. It indicates how effectively the voltage is being used by the load. Power factor correction involves adding capacitors in parallel with inductive loads to improve the power factor. 3) By canceling out the reactive power (Q) of an inductive load with an appropriately sized capacitor, the power factor can be improved, reducing apparent power (S) demands while maintaining the same real power (P) delivered to the

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Wahyu Saputro
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421 views21 pages

Complex Power & Power Factor Correction: Fredi Prima Sakti

1) Complex power refers to the total power supplied in a circuit including both real power (P) and reactive power (Q). Apparent power (S) is the vector sum of real and reactive power. 2) Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and current waveforms. It indicates how effectively the voltage is being used by the load. Power factor correction involves adding capacitors in parallel with inductive loads to improve the power factor. 3) By canceling out the reactive power (Q) of an inductive load with an appropriately sized capacitor, the power factor can be improved, reducing apparent power (S) demands while maintaining the same real power (P) delivered to the

Uploaded by

Wahyu Saputro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Power &

Power Factor Correction

Fredi Prima Sakti

Electrical Engineering Department


Universitas Teknologi Yogyakarta
Reference
• Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N.O. Sadiku
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 4th edition
What is the difference ?
• Active power (P) is power do the actual work in the load. Real
electrical resistance power consumption in circuit. It is measured in
kilo watt (kW) or MW.
• Reactive power (Q) is imaginary inductive and capacitive power
consumption in circuit. It is measured in var ,kilo var (kVar) or MVar
• Apparent power (S) is the power supplied to the electric circuit -
typical from a power supplier to the grid - to cover the real and
reactive power consumption in the loads.
The apparent power (in VA) is the product of
the rms value of voltage and current.

P  Vrms I rms cos(v  i )


i(t )  Im cos(t  i ) v( t )  Vm cos(t  v )
P  S cos(v  i ) Im

Vm
I rms  Vrms
2 2
S  Vrms I rms

S is known as the apparent power.


The power factor is the cosine of the phase
difference between voltage and current. It is
also the cosine of the angle of the load
impedance.
Power Factor : pf  cos( v  i )
where  v   i is Power Factor Angle
 pf is lagging if the current lags voltage (inductive load)
 pf is leading if the current leads voltage (capacitive load)

For purely resistive circuit, pf=1. With inductors and


capacitors in the circuit, pf may reduced to less than 1.
AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 6
Power Factor

Example
A series connected load draw a current i(t )  4 cos(100t 100 ) A
when the applied voltage is v(t )  120 cos(100t  200 )V
Find the apparent power and the power factor of the load.
Determine the element values that form the series connected load.

S  240VA pf  0.866(leading ) C  212.2uF

Reference : Alexander, Sadiku Chapter 11 - page 472


AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 7
Power Factor

Solution
Power Factor

Solution cont’d
Complex power (in VA) is the product of the rms voltage
phasor and the complex conjugate of the rms current phasor.
As a complex quantity, its real part is real power P and its
imaginary part is reactive power Q.
Complex power : 1 *
S  P  jQ  VI  Vrms I rms  v  i
2
V I *
rms rms
2
V
S  I 2rms Z  rms VA
Z*
AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 10
Complex Power

Apparent power :

S  S  Vrms Irms  P  Q 2 2
VA

Real power :
P  Re(S)  S cos(v  i ) W
Reactive power :
Q  Im(S )  S sin( v   i ) VAR
Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity power factor)
Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading power factor)
Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging power factor)
AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 11
Complex Power

S IZI
Q X

 
P R

Power triangle Impedance triangle

P
pf  cos 
S

AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 12


Complex Power

Power Triangle

AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 13


Complex Power

Exercise
• Define :
 Complex power
 Power factor
Complex Power:
S = (897.6 + j 556.3) kVA

Power Factor:
𝑃
Pf = cos θ =
𝑆
897.6
= = 0.85
1056
The process of increasing the power factor without altering the voltage or
current to the original load is known as power factor correction.

Most loads are inductive. A load power factor is improved (to make closer
to unity, pf =1) by installing a capacitor in parallel with the load.

a) Original inductive load b) inductive load with improved power factor

AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 15


Power Factor Correction

Phasor diagram showing the effect of adding a


capacitor in parallel with the inductive load

AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 16


Power Factor Correction

Power triangle illustrating power factor correction

AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 17


Power Factor Correction

QC  Q1  Q2  P(tan 1  tan 2 )
2
Vrms
QC   CVrms
2

XC
Value of required shunt capacitance :

QC P(tan 1  tan 2 )
C 
Vrms
2
Vrms
2

AHBMH DEE2113 : Chapter 3 - AC Power Analysis 18


Power Factor Correction

Analyzed A
S (VA) Q (Var) P (W)
A 130 50 120
B 130 100 83
C 130 30 126.5

B
Where :

S = (𝑃2 + 𝑄2 )
C
Conclusion
• The total complex power in a network is the sum of the complex powers of

the individual components.

• Total real power and reactive power are also, respectively, the sums of the

individual real powers and the reactive powers, but the total apparent power

is not calculated by the process.

• Power factor correction is necessary for economic reasons; it is the process of

improving the power factor of a load by reducing the overall reactive power
THANK YOU!

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