Exercise Science

Section 2: The Skeletal System

An Introduction to Health and Physical

Education
Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen
ISBN 1-55077-132-9
Role of the Skeleton

 Protection
 Framework
 Attachments for muscles
 Storehouse for essential
nutrients
 Blood-cell formation

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About Bone …

 Composed of 50% water and 50%

organic and inorganic material
 Elements include: phosphorous, zinc,
calcium, magnesium, fluorine, iron,
chlorine
 Resists compression and tension
 Bound by joints (through ligaments)
 Muscles attach to bone (through
tendons) to produce movement

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Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

 The axial skeleton consists of 80

bones:
 26 vertebral column
 1 hyoid
 22 skull
 6 auditory
 25 ribs
 The appendicular skeleton consists of
126 bones:
 64 upper extremity
 62 lower extremity

Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones

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Five Types of Bones

 Long
 Found in arms and legs
 Short
 Found in wrists and ankles
 Flat
 Bones of the skull
 Irregular
 Bones of the vertebrae
 Sesamoid
 Wrapped within tendons (patella)

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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Cartilage

Periosteum

Medullary cavity

Compact bone

Cancellous bone

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

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 Human Anterior
Skeleton view

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 Human Posterior
Skeleton view

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The Skull – Anterior View

Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

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 The Skull – Lateral View

Frontal bone Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone

Maxilla Nuchal line

Mastoid process

External auditory meatus

Mandible

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The Vertebral Column – Lateral View
Atlas
Axis

Cervical region

Seventh cervical vertebra

Intervertebral disk

Thoracic region

Twelfth thoracic vertebra

First lumbar vertebra

Lumbar region

Fifth lumbar vertebra

Sacrum
Sacral and coccygeal region
Coccyx
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Thoracic Cage – Anterior View

First thoracic vertebra

Manubrium

Sternum
Seven true ribs Body

Xiphoid
process

Three false ribs

Two floating ribs

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Thoracic Cage – Posterior View

Clavicle

Scapula

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Left Scapula – Anterior View

Acromion process

Coracoid process

Glenoid cavity

Subscapular fossa
Lateral border

Medial border

Inferior angle

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Left Scapula – Lateral View

Coracoid process Acromion

Supraglenoid tubercle

Glenoid fossa

Infraglenoid tubercle

Subscapular fossa

Lateral border

Inferior angle
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Left Scapula – Posterior View
Coracoid process
Scapular notch
Acromion process Superior angle

Supraspinous fossa

Glenoid cavity Scapular spine

Infraglenoid tubercle

Infraspinous fossa

Medial border
Lateral border

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Left Humerus – Anterior View
Head
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle

Intertubercular
(bicipital)
groove

Deltoid tuberosity
Shaft

Capitulum
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle

Trochlea
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Left Humerus – Posterior View
Head

Deltoid tuberosity
Shaft

Olecranon fossa

Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle

Trochlea
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Left Ulna – Anterior View
Olecranon

Olecranon process Trochlear (semilunar) notch

Coronoid process
Radial notch of ulna
Ulna tuberosity

Styloid process of ulna

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Left Radius – Anterior View
Head

Radial tuberosity

Styloid process of radius

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Left Hand – Anterior View
Ulna Radius
Scaphoid bone
Carpals Lunate bone Hamate bone
(proximal) Triquetrum bone Capitate bone Carpals
Trapezoid bone (distal)
Pisiform bone
Trapezium bone

Metacarpals

Sesamoid bone

Proximal phalax
(of thumb)

Distal phalanx (of thumb)

Phalanges Proximal phalanx (of finger)

(Digits)
Middle phalanx (of finger)

Distal phalanx (of finger)

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 Pelvis (Male) – Anterior View

Crest of ilium
Sacrum

Sacroiliac joint
Ilium
Anterior
superior
iliac spine

Anterior Os coxae
inferior iliac
spine

Acetabulum Pubis

Ischium
Obturator foramen

Superior ramis of pubis

Symphysis pubis Inferior ramis of pubis

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Pelvis (Male) – Posterior View
Fifth lumbar Sacrum
vertebra

Posterior
superior iliac
spine

Posterior
inferior iliac
spine

Ischial spine

Ischial tuberosity

Coccyx
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Right Femur – Anterior View
Head
Greater trochanter
Neck
Intertrochanteric
line Lesser trochanter

Shaft

Adductor tubercle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle

Patellar groove Medial condyle

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Right Femur – Posterior View

Head Greater trochanter

Neck
Intertrochanteric crest
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Pectineal line

Linea aspera

Shaft

Intercondylar fossa
Adductor tubercle
Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
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 Right Fibula and Tibia – Anterior View
Intercondylar eminence

Lateral condyle of tibia Medial condyle of tibia

Head Tibial tuberosity

Intercondylar eminence

Lateral condyle
Medial condyle

Anterior crest Tibial tuberosity

Fibula

Tibia

Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus

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 Right Foot – Superior View
Calcaneus

Talus

Tarsals

Cuboid Navicular

Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Metatarsals Lateral cuneiform

Proximal phalanx
Phalanges Middle phalanx
(Digits) Proximal phalanx (of great toe)
Distal phalanx

Distal phalanx (of great toe)

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Bone Formation and Remodelling

 Ossification (bone formation ) takes two forms:

 Compact bone (begins as cartilage):
 Osteoblasts discharge osteoid into which minerals are
deposited to form the hardened material recognized as bone
 Cancellous bone (begins as fibrous membranes):
 Osteoblasts release osteoid into membrane which forms a
sponge-like bundle of fibres
 Cancellous bone formation develops outward from these
centres in the membrane
 Bone remodelling has two main phases:
 Osteoclasts release acids and enzymes to remove old bone
 Osteoblasts deposit new tissue

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Epiphyseal Plates and Lines

 Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) Epiphyseal

line
 Occur at various locations at the
epiphyses of long bones
 Growth possible
 Epiphyseal lines
 Occur when epiphyseal plates
have fused or come together
 Growth not possible

Epiphyseal
plate

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Types of Fractures

 Stress fracture – most difficult to detect

 Simple fracture – no separation (hairline fracture)
 Compound fracture – bone breaks into separate pieces
 Comminuted fracture – bone shatters into many pieces

Simple Compound Comminuted

fracture fracture fracture

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Effects of Aging – Skeletal System

 Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward

 Process of bone remodelling reverses – resorption occurs
 Results in a 5–0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade
 Affects overall calcium levels in the body
 Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue)
may result from resorption
 Leads to bone fragility
 Increased susceptibility to bone fractures
 Preventative measures include:
 Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy
lifestyle
 Weight-bearing exercises
 Bone density testing and medication when appropriate

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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
 ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.