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Software Concepts

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48 views

Software Concepts

Uploaded by

v2wins
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Software Concepts

Starting up the Computer


 Cold Boot
 Warm Boot
Software Types
 A software is a set of computer Hardware
instructions or data. BIOS
 Program Vs. Data OS
 Programs are collections of Application
instructions for processing data.
 Types
 System Software
 Application Software
Software

System Application

Development Execution General Specific


Purpose Purpose
 Firmware
 It’s a combination of software and hardware ROMs, PROMs and EPROMs that
have data or programs recorded on them.
 Public-domain Software
 Program that is not copyrighted.
 Public-domain software is free and can be used without restrictions.
 Freeware
 Copyrighted software given away for free by the author.
 The author retains the copyright, which means that you cannot do anything with it
that is not expressly allowed by the author.
 People can use the software, but not sell it.
 Shareware
 Software distributed on the basis of an honor system.
 Free of charge, but author requests that you pay a small fee if you like the
program and use it regularly.
 Shareware is copyrighted.
 Demoware
 It refers to a cut-down shareware version of a commercial product enabling the
user to get the application without the access to all functionality.
 Commercial : This implies to five other types of license agreement
 Single License
 Site License
 License by Use
 License by Station
 Network Multi-License
Programming Languages
 1GL: The Machine Codes
 2GL : The Assembly Language
 3GL : The High Level Language
 4GL : The Application Specific Languages
 5GL ?
Characteristics of a good programming language
 Simplicity - A good language must be simple and easy to learn and use. Should
provide clear, simple and unified set of concepts.

 Naturalness – should be natural for it’s application area. It should provide


appropriate operators, data structures, control structures and a natural syntax t
facilitate the users to code their problems easily & efficiently.

 Abstraction – refers to ability to define and then use complicated structures in


ways that allow many of the details to be ignored.

 Efficiency

 Structuredness

 Compactness – should be able to express intended operations concisely. Not


verbose.

 Locality – A programmer need not jump around visually as the text of the
program is prepared.

 Extensibility – with the help of subprograms.


 Suitability to its environment
Selecting a language for coding an application

 Nature of application
 Familiarity with the language.
 Ease of learning the language.
 Availability of program development tools.
 Execution efficiency.
 Features of a good programming
language.
 Loader & Linkers
 Compiler
 Assembler
 Interpreter
Application Software
 Word Processing
 Desktop publishing
 Spreadsheets
 Computer Graphics
 Accounting Software
 Imaging
What is an Operating System?
 It is a program layer. It connects to the PC hardware, to
facilitate optimal execution of user program.
 The OS links software and hardware together.
 It provides a software platform on top of which other
programs can run.
 It is like a traffic cop.
 It makes sure that different programs and users running
at the same time do not interfere with each other.
 It is also responsible for security and authorization of
users.
 N-bit OS - DOS :16-bit , Windows 98 : 32-bit
The Operating System
 Traditionally OS consists of
 Kernel – The low level core being loaded after the
boot process. Has many functions such as control of
the data flow between memory and I/O units.

 Shell – The User Interface.

 File System – A standard for disk formatting.


Most commonly used FS is hierarchical (tree structure) –
directories, files, pathnames, wildcards, file handle, FAT (16-bit),
VFAT (32-bit)
Types of OS
 Single-user : Allows only one user at a time.

 Multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same


time.

 Network OS : It makes it possible for computers to be on a network,


and manages the different aspects of the network.

 Multi-processing : Supports running a program on more than one


CPU.

 Multi-programming: Allows more than one program to run


concurrently.

 Multi-tasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently.

 Multi-threading : Allows different parts of a single program to run


concurrently.

 Time Sharing : It provides interactive use of a computer system by


many users as if he/she has his/her own computer.
Primary Objective of OS
 Making a computer system convenient to
use
 Managing the resources of a computer
system
Functions of OS
 Process Management
 Memory Management
 File Management
 Security
 Command Interpretation
How to measure system performance
 Throughput – is the amount of work that the system
is able to do per unit time i.e. processes/hour

 Turnaround time – is the interval from the time of


submission of a job to the system for processing to the
time of completion f the job.

 Response time – is the interval from the time of


submission of a job to the system for processing to the
first response for the job.
 Memory Management
 Uni-programming memory model
 Multiprogramming with Fixed Number of Memory
Partitions
 Multiprogramming with variable number of Memory
Partitions
 Virtual Memory
• Paging
• Segmentation
• Demand paging
 File Management
 File Access methods
 File Operations
 File Naming
 Security
 User authentication
 Access control
 Cryptography

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