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Sine Waves Phasor and The Use of J Operator: The Easy Understanding of Real & Imaginary Numbers in Mathematics

The document discusses phasors and the j operator used to represent sine waves in electrical engineering. A phasor is a vector that represents the amplitude, phase, and frequency of a sine wave. Phasors can be plotted on a coordinate plane with axes representing real and imaginary components. The j operator represents a 90 degree phase shift and is used to simplify phasor calculations involving phase rotations. Pythagorean theorem can be used to solve for unknown phasor amplitudes and phases from known values.

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178 views15 pages

Sine Waves Phasor and The Use of J Operator: The Easy Understanding of Real & Imaginary Numbers in Mathematics

The document discusses phasors and the j operator used to represent sine waves in electrical engineering. A phasor is a vector that represents the amplitude, phase, and frequency of a sine wave. Phasors can be plotted on a coordinate plane with axes representing real and imaginary components. The j operator represents a 90 degree phase shift and is used to simplify phasor calculations involving phase rotations. Pythagorean theorem can be used to solve for unknown phasor amplitudes and phases from known values.

Uploaded by

322399mk7086
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sine Waves Phasor and the

use of J Operator

The Easy Understanding of Real &


Imaginary Numbers in Mathematics
The Phasor Diagram
• A phase vector ("phasor") is a representation of a
sine wave whose amplitude (A), phase (θ), and
frequency (ω) can be represented in a simple easy to
use mathematically correct drawing
Phasor axis's have polarity

2 1

- +

3 4

-
PHASORS
A sign wave can be represented by a phasor on an X & Y
axis as shown below. The axis's break the circle into four
(4) quadrants I 2 3 & 4 revolving counter clockwise.
2- + 1 ++

Y +

X
+

-
3-- 4+-
The Phasor Diagram
• The angles between these lines represents the
phase difference (Ѳ) , i.e. if two lines have zero
degrees between them then they are in phase,
if they have 90 degrees between them they
are out of phase by 90 degrees.
Phasor Relationship
Phasor length is proportional to the amplitude of the voltage or current it
represents. As depicted the resultant phasor length is dependant on
the mathematical equivalent of the original phasors

Reference
Phasor

−
OPERATORS
Signs like + − X and ÷ are called operators
because they convey instructions to carry out a
math operation.

j is also an operator and gives the instruction to rotate


90⁰. j can be + or – depending on rotation direction.

Often it just means to change direction from


horizontal to vertical or visa versus.
The Phasor Diagram
• There is always a reference phase angle. It is
normally represented by the conventional
x-axis.
• Advancing phase is then conventionally shown
in an counter-clockwise direction.
• A phasor that is at angle A to the reference
angle, may be + or - (leading or lagging
respectively) to the reference.
Three Basic Elements
Inductor

Resistor Capacitor

Real Power Apparent Power Apparent Power


Resistive Watts Reactive VARs Reactive VARs
• Dissipates energy/heat • V dependent • I dependent

• V and I in-phase • 90 ° Leading • 90 ° Lagging


• Energy storing • Energy storing
The Phasor Diagram
• The diagram below shows two phasors A and B.
These are then combined to give a new phasor
C. with an angle x called Ѳ. The cosine of
this angle is called power factor
J Operator
• The problem with the math and phasor diagrams are
that they can become very complex with a
complicated circuit. We also have to remember
directions or else the signs may come out the wrong
way.
• The j operator comes from complex numbers and
states that in terms of circuit theory that we will
interpret the symbol j when placed in front of a
phasor, to mean, advance the phase of the phasor by
90 degrees and -j to mean, retard the phase by 90
degrees
b
-a +jb + a+jb
Q2 +j +j Q1

-a +a
a
- +
a
-a +a

-j
-j
-a-jb a-jb
Q3
- Q4

b
Phasor Relationaship
The Not So Bad Math
• Pythagorean theorem from math class (a 2 + b 2 = c 2)?
• IE: a2 = a * a
• Quantity “c” is equal to the square root of √(a2 + b2)

• b c

• a

a= √ (c2-b2 ) b= √ (c2-a2)
Solve The Problem
c
b

• a=6 a2 =________
• b=8 b2=________
• a2+b2 =_____
• √ of a2+b2 c =_______

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