PROTOCOLS

 TCP/IP
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is
an industry standard protocol stack that is used for
communication between Windows based computers. TCP/IP is
designed for communication across large-scale networks. The
tasks involved in using TCP/IP in the communication process are
distributed between protocols that are organized into four
distinct layers of the TCP/IP stack.

 Each protocol in the TCP/IP stack has a distinct role in the

communication process. During the communication process,
many applications may be in communication at the same time.
TCP/IP has the ability to differentiate one application from
another. TCP/IP identifies an application on one computer and
then moves the data from that application to an application on
another computer.
 TCP/IP Activities
The TCP/IP communication process is initiated using an application on
the source computer that prepares the data to be transmitted in a
format that an application on the destination computer can read.

EXAMPLE:
1.Writing a letter in a language that the recipient can understand. Then
the data is associated with the destination application and computer,
much like how you address a letter to a recipient and household.
2.The address of the destination computer is then added to the data,
just as the address of the recipient is specified on the letter.
3.After these activities are performed, the data and additional
information, including a request for confirmation of its delivery, are
sent over the network to the destination.
The network medium used for transmitting the data is independent of
the above activities, just as the means of transport that transfers the
letter from one post office to another is independent of the letters
content or address.
The TCP/IP protocol layers:

Get useful work done – retrieve Web pages, copy

Application files, send and receive email, etc.

Make client-server connections and optionally

Transport control transmission speed, check for errors, etc.

Route packets between networks

Internet

Route data packets within the local area network

Data link
Specify what medium connects two nodes, how
Physical binary ones and zeros are differentiated, etc,
 TCP/IP Protocol:
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
 TCP/IP Utilities
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a required TCP/IP
standard protocol that provides a reliable, connection-
oriented data delivery service between only two computers.
Such a communication is known as a unicast. In
connection oriented communication, the connection must
be established before data can be transmitted between the
two computers.

After the connection is established, data is transmitted over

this single connection only. Connection-oriented
communication is also referred to as reliable
communication because it guarantees the delivery of the
data at the destination. On the source computer, TCP
organizes the data to be transmitted into packets. On the
destination computer, TCP reorganizes the packets to
recreate the original data.
 Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol (IP) helps to identify the location of the

destination computer in a network communication. IP is a
connectionless, unreliable protocol that is primarily
responsible for addressing packets and routing them
between networked computers. Although IP always
attempts to deliver a packet, a packet may be lost,
corrupted, delivered out of sequence, duplicated, or
delayed.
However, IP does not attempt to recover from these types
of errors by requesting retransmission of the data.
Acknowledging the delivery of packets and recovering lost
packets is the responsibility of a higher-layer protocol, such
as TCP, or of the application itself.
 FTP

 RFC 959
 uses two TCP Ports
 one for control
 one for data transfers
 command-response protocol
 control port uses telnet protocol to negotiate
session
 Why do we need a FTP Service?

 Purpose: To Transfer files between two computers

 Goals of FTP Service
• Promote sharing of files (programs and/or data)

• Encourage indirect/implicit use of remote computers

• Shield users from variations in file storage among

hosts
• Transfer data reliably and efficiently
 Problems of File Transfer

 At first, file transfer may seem simple

 Heterogeneous systems use different:
 Operating Systems
 Character Sets
 Naming Conventions
 Directory Structures
 File Structures and Formats
 FTP need to address and resolve these problems
 HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol

HTTP is the set of rules governing the format and content

of the conversation between a Web client and server
 An HTTP conversation

Client Server
 I would like to open a
connection  OK

 GET <file location>

 Send page or error message

 Display response
 Close connection
 OK
 HTTP is an application layer protocol

The Web client and the Web server are application programs
Application layer programs do useful work like retrieving Web pages,
sending and receiving email or transferring files
Lower layers take care of the communication details
The client and server send messages and data without knowing
anything about the communication network
Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer
(HTTPS)
HTTPS is the use of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) as a sub-
layer under the regular HTTP in the application layer. It
is also referred to as Hypertext Transfer Protocol over
Secure Socket Layer (HTTPS) or HTTP over SSL, in
short.
HTTPS is a Web protocol developed by Netscape, and it
is built into its browser to encrypt and decrypt user page
requests as well as the pages that are returned by the
Web server. HTTPS uses port 443 instead of HTTP port
80 in its interactions with the lower layer, TCP/IP
 The OSI Model:

Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model has become an

International standard and serves as a guide for networking. This
model is the best known and most widely used guide to describe
networking environments. Vendors design network products based on
the specifications of the OSI model. It provides a description of how
network hardware and software work together in a layered fashion to
make communications possible. It also helps with trouble shooting by
providing a frame of reference that describes how components are
supposed to function.
There are seven to get familiar with and these are the :
 physical layer
 data link layer,
 network layer
 transport layer
 session layer
 presentation layer,
 application layer.
 Physical Layer
is just that the physical parts of the network such as wires, cables, and
there media along with the length. Also this layer takes note of the
electrical signals that transmit data throughout system.

Data Link Layer

this layer is where we actually assign meaning to the electrical signals
in the network. The layer also determines the size and format of data
sent to printers, and other devices. Also I don't want to forget that these
are also called nodes in the network. Another thing to consider in this
layer is will also allow and define the error detection and correction
schemes that insure data was sent and received.

Network Layer
this layer provides the definition for the connection of two dissimilar
networks.
 Transport Layer
this layer allows data to be broken into smaller packages for data
to be distributed and addressed to other nodes (workstations).
Session Layer
this layer helps out with the task to carry information from one
node (workstation) to another node (workstation). A session
has to be made before we can transport information to another
computer.
Presentation Layer
this layer is responsible to code and decode data sent to the
node.
Application Layer
this layer allows you to use an application that will
communicate with say the operation system of a server. A good
example would be using your web browser to interact with the
operating system on a server such as Windows NT, which in
turn gets the data you requested.
OSI comparision with TCP/IP Protocol Stack

TCP/IP Layer Encapsulation

OSI # OSI Layer Name TCP/IP # TCP/IP Protocols
Name Units

FTP, HTTP,
POP3, IMAP,
7 Application data
telnet, SMTP,
DNS, TFTP
6 data
Presentation 4 Application

5 data
Session

4
Transport 3 Transport segments TCP, UDP

3
Network 2 Internet packets IP

2
Data Link frames
1 Network Access
1
Physical bits
 TCP/IP Reference Model OSI Reference Model

1
Defined after the advent of Internet Defined before advent of internet

2
Service interface and protocols were not clearly Service interface and protocols are clearly
distinguished before distinguished

3
TCP/IP supports Internet working Internet working not supported

4
Loosely layered Strict layering

5
Protocol Dependent standard Protocol independent standard

6
More Credible Less Credible

7
TCP reliably delivers packets, IP does not reliably
All packets are reliably delivered
deliver packets