Operating Systems

and File Management

 Chapter Contents
• Section A: Operating System Basics
• Section B: Today’s Operating Systems
• Section C: File Basics
• Section D: File Management
• Section E: Backup Security

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 2

 Operating System Basics
• Operating System Activities
• User Interfaces
• The Boot Process

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 3

 Operating System Activities
• An operating system is a type of system
software that acts as the master controller
for all activities that take place within a
computer system

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 Operating System Activities

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 5

 Operating System Activities
• Multitasking provides process and memory
management services that allow two or more
tasks, jobs, or programs to run simultaneously
• Within a single program, multithreading allows
multiple parts, or threads, to run simultaneously
• An operating system’s multiprocessing capability
supports a division of labor among all the
processing units

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 Operating System Activities
• Operating System Categories
– Single-user operating system
– Multiuser operating system
– Server operating system
– Desktop operating system

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 7

 User Interfaces
• The combination of hardware and software
that helps people and computers
communicate with each other

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 8

 User Interfaces
• Menus, submenus, and dialog boxes

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 9

 The Boot Process
• During the boot process, the operating
system kernel is loaded into RAM
– The kernel provides essential operating
system services
• Your computer’s small bootstrap program
is built into special ROM circuitry housed
in the computer’s system unit

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 10

 The Boot Process

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 11

 Today’s Operating Systems
• Microsoft Windows
• Mac OS
• UNIX and Linux
• DOS
• Handheld Operating Systems

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 12

 Microsoft Windows

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 13

 Mac OS

You can tell when you’re using

Mac OS by the Apple logo that
appears on the menu bar. The
Mac OS X interface includes all
the standard elements of a GUI,
including icons, menus,
windows, and taskbars.

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 Mac OS

On a Macintosh
computer with Boot
Camp, you can boot
into Mac OS X or
into Windows.

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 Mac OS
• Mac OS X on an Intel Mac offers the ability
to run Windows and Windows application
software in addition to software designed
for the Macintosh
– Dual boot

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 UNIX and Linux
• Several Web sites offer a Linux
distribution, which is a package that
contains the Linux kernel, system utilities,
applications, and an installation routine

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 UNIX and Linux

Linux users can choose from

several graphical interfaces.
Pictured here is the popular
KDE graphical desktop.

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 DOS
• Disk Operating System
• First operating system that many used

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 19

 Handheld Operating Systems

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 20

 File Basics
• File Names and Extensions
• File Directories and Folders
• File Formats

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 21

 File Names and Extensions
• You must adhere to file-naming
conventions when saving files
– Maximum length
– Prohibited characters
– No reserved words
– Case sensitivity
• File extensions are usually
related to the file format
– Native file format

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 File Directories and Folders
• An operating system maintains a directory
for each disk, tape, CD, DVD, or USB
flash drive
– Root directory
– Subdirectory
• Depicted as folders
• A computer’s file location is defined by a
file specification, or path
C:\Music\Reggae\Marley One Love.mp3
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 File Formats
• Windows uses a file association list to link
a file extension to its corresponding
application software
• Although a file extension is a good
indicator of a file’s format, it does not really
define the format
– A file header is a section of data at the
beginning of a file that contains information
about a file
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 File Formats
• A software application can open files that
exist in its native file format, plus several
additional file formats

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 25

 File Formats

An easy way to convert a file

from one format to another is
to open it with an application
that supports both file formats,
and then use the Save As dialog
box to select an alternative
file format.

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 File Management
• Application-based File Management
• File Management Utilities
• File Management Metaphors
• Windows Explorer
• File Management Tips
• Physical File Storage

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 27

 Application-based File
Management
• Applications typically provide a way to
open files and save them in a specific
folder on a storage device

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 Application-based File
Management

The Save As dialog box

of most Windows
applications uses the
operating system’s file
management utility, so
you can carry out a wide
variety of file and folder
tasks such as creating,
renaming, and deleting
files.

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 File Management Utilities
• File management
utilities show you the
files stored on your
disks and help you
work with them

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 30

 File Management Metaphors
• Storage metaphors help you visualize and
mentally organize the files on your disks
– Logical storage models

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 31

 Windows Explorer

Windows Explorer
makes it easy to drill
down through the
levels of the directory
hierarchy to locate a
folder or file.

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 Windows Explorer
• Windows Explorer allows you to
manipulate files and folders in the
following ways:
– Rename
– Copy
– Move
– Delete

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 File Management Tips
• Use descriptive names
• Maintain file extensions
• Group similar files
• Organize your folders from the top down
• Consider using the default folders
• Do not mix data files and program files

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 File Management Tips
• Don’t store files in the root directory
• Access files from the hard disk
• Follow copyright rules
• Delete or archive files you no longer need
• Be aware of storage locations
• Back up

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 Physical File Storage
• The physical storage model describes
what happens on the disks and in the
circuits when files are stored
– Storage media must be formatted before it
can store files
• Formatting utilities divide the disk into tracks and
sectors

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 36

 Physical File Storage

CDs and DVDs can be

created using mastering or
packet-writing techniques.
Mastering creates disks
that can be used more
reliably on a wide variety
of computers and
standalone players. Packet
writing is more flexible for
disks that you plan to
use only on your own
computer.

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 Physical File Storage
• The file system
keeps track of the
names and
locations of files
– NTFS
• Master File Table
(MFT)
– FAT32
• File Allocation Table
(FAT)

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 38

 Physical File Storage
• Deleting a file changes the status of that
file’s clusters to empty and removes the
file name from the index file
– The file’s data is still there
– File shredder software overwrites “empty”
sectors with random 1s and 0s
• Files in the Windows Recycle Bin and
similar utilities can be undeleted

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 Physical File Storage
• Fragmented files are stored in
noncontiguous clusters and decrease
performance
• Defragmentation utilities rearrange files so
that they are stored in contiguous clusters

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 40

 Backup Security
• Backup Basics
• Data File Backup
• System Backup
• Boot and Recovery Disks

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 41

 Backup Basics
• A backup stores the files needed to
recover data that’s been wiped out by
operator error, viruses, or hardware
failures

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 Backup Basics
• Your backup schedule depends on how
much data you can afford to lose
• You should run an up-to-date virus check
as the first step in your backup routine
• The backup device you select depends on
the value of your data, your current
equipment, and your budget

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 43

 Backup Basics

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 44

 Data File Backup
• Most computers are equipped with a writable CD
or DVD drive with adequate storage capacity for
a typical computer owner’s data files
• Store all files to be backed up in the same
location
• Back up Internet connection information, e-mail
folders, e-mail address book, favorite URLs,
downloads and validation codes, and other
configuration information

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 Data File Backup
• To restore from a data file backup, you
simply copy files from your backup to your
hard disk

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 System Backup
• To make a backup, you can use backup
software
• Backup software is supplied with most
tape drives and other backup devices

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 System Backup

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 48

 System Backup
• A full backup makes a fresh copy of every file in
the folders you’ve specified for the backup
• A differential backup makes a backup of only
those files that were added or changed since
your last full backup session
• An incremental backup makes a backup of the
files that were added or changed since the last
backup—not necessarily the files that changed
from the last full backup
• Most experts recommend that you keep more
than one set of backups
Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 49
 System Backup

Restore points back up personal

preferences and configuration
settings stored in the Windows
Registry. You can manually
create restore points or let
Windows create them
automatically whenever you
add new software or hardware.

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 Boot and Recovery Disks
• A boot disk is a removable storage
medium containing the operating system
files needed to boot your computer without
accessing the hard disk
– Windows
Installation CD

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 51

 Boot and Recovery Disks
• A recovery disk loads hardware drivers and
user settings as well as the operating system
– Sometimes included with new computer systems
– Available on the Web
• Recovery partition

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 52

 Boot and Recovery Disks

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 53

 Boot and Recovery Disks
• You can create a custom recovery CD that
contains your computer’s current settings and
device drivers
• Norton Ghost is a product of Symantec, which
also provides a more specialized recovery disk
called the Symantec Recovery Disk
• Certain PC manufacturers have pre-installed
Norton Ghost and the recovery environment on
some of their computers

Chapter 4: Operating Systems and File Management 54