Introduction to Computers and Java

Chapter 1

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Background

• Computing Science is a scientific discipline that

studies computation and information, in addition

to computers and computer programming.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Objectives

• Overview of computer hardware and software

• Introduce program design and object-oriented
programming
• Overview of the Java programming language
• (Optional) introduce applets and graphics basics

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Outline

• Computer Basics
• Designing Programs
• A Sip of Java
• Graphics Supplement

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Computer Basics: Outline
• Hardware and Memory
• Programs
• Programming Languages and Compilers
• Java Byte-Code
• Graphics Supplement

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Hardware and Software

• Computer systems consist of hardware and

software.
• Hardware includes the tangible parts of computer
systems.
• Software includes programs - sets of instructions for the
computer to follow.
• Familiarity with hardware basics helps us
understand software.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Hardware and Memory * ‫موضع سؤال‬

• Most modern computers have similar components

including
• Input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.)
• Output devices (display screen, printer, etc.)
• A processor
• Two kinds of memory (main memory and auxiliary
memory).

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
CPU and Memory

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Processor

• Also called the CPU (central processing unit) or the

chip (e.g. Pentium processor)
• The processor processes a program’s instructions.
• It can process only very simple instructions.
• The power of computing comes from speed and
program intricacy.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Core i3 vs. Core i5 vs. core i7

https://windows101tricks.com/compare-intel-core-i/srossecorp-7i-sv-5i-sv-3

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Core i5 vs. core i7

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Memory

• Memory holds
• programs
• data for the computer to process
• the results of intermediate processing.
• Two kinds of memory
• main memory
• ‫البرامج‬
• ‫البيانات للكمبيوتر لعملية‬
• .‫نتائج المعالجة المتوسطة‬
• ‫هناك نوعان من الذاكرة‬
• ‫الذاكرة الرئيسية‬
• ‫الذاكرة اإلضافي‬
• auxiliary memory

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Main memory

• Working memory used to store

• The current program
• The data the program is using
• The results of intermediate calculations
• Usually measured in megabytes (e.g. 8 gigabytes of
RAM)
• RAM is short for random access memory
• A byte is a quantity of memory * ‫اصغر وحدة تخزينية هي البايت‬
•*

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Auxiliary Memory

• Also called secondary memory

• Disk drives, CDs, DVDs, flash drives, etc.
• More or less permanent (nonvolatile)
• Usually measured in gigabytes (e.g. 50 gigabyte
hard drive)

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Bits, Bytes, and Addresses

• A bit is a digit with a value of either 0 or 1.

• A byte consists of 8 bits.
• Each byte in main memory resides at a
numbered location called its address.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Main Memory
• Figure 1.1

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Storing Data

• Data of all kinds (numbers, letters, strings of

characters, audio, video, even programs) are
encoded and stored using 1s and 0s.
• When more than a single byte is needed, several
adjacent bytes are used.
• The address of the first byte is the address of the unit of
bytes.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Files

• Large groups of bytes in auxiliary memory are called

files.
• Files have names.
• Files are organized into groups called directories or
folders.
• Java programs are stored in files.
• Programs files are copied from auxiliary memory to
main memory in order to be run.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
0s and 1s

• Machines with only 2 stable states are easy to

make, but programming using only 0s and 1s is
difficult.
• Fortunately, the conversion of numbers, letters,
strings of characters, audio, video, and programs is
done automatically.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programs

• A program is a set of instructions for a computer to

follow.
• We use programs almost daily (email, word
processors, video games, bank ATMs, etc.).
• Following the instructions is called running or
executing the program.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Input and Output

• Normally, a computer receives two kinds of input:

• The program
• The data needed by the program.
• The output is the result(s) produced by following
the instructions in the program.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Running a Program
• Figure 1.2

• Sometimes the computer and the program are considered to be

one unit.
• Programmers typically find this view to be more convenient.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Operating System

• The operating system is a supervisory program that

oversees the operation of the computer.
• The operating system retrieves and starts program
for you.
• Well-known operating systems including: Microsoft
Windows, Apple’s Mac OS, Linux, and UNIX.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Languages

• High-level languages are relatively easy to use

• Java, C#, C++, Visual Basic, Python, Ruby.
• Unfortunately, computer hardware does not
understand high-level languages.
• Therefore, a high-level language program must be
translated into a low-level language.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Compiling and Running a Program
• Figure 1.3

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compilers

• A compiler translates a program from a high-level

language to a low-level language the computer can
run.
• You compile a program by running the compiler on
the high-level-language version of the program
called the source program.
• Compilers produce machine- or assembly-language
programs called object programs.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compilers

• Most high-level languages need a different compiler

for each type of computer and for each operating
system.
• Most compilers are very large programs that are
expensive to produce.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Java Byte-Code

• The Java compiler does not translate a Java program

into assembly language or machine language for a
particular computer.
• Instead, it translates a Java program into byte-code.
• Byte-code is the machine language for a hypothetical computer (or
interpreter) called the Java Virtual Machine.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Java Byte-Code
• A byte-code program is easy to translate into machine language
for any particular computer.
• A program called an interpreter translates each byte-code
instruction, executing the resulting machine-language
instructions on the particular computer before translating the
next byte-code instruction.
• Most Java programs today are executed using a Just-In-Time or
JIT compiler in which byte-code is compiled as needed and
stored for later reuse without needing to be re-compiled.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Compiling, Interpreting, Running

• Use the compiler to translate the Java program into

byte-code (done using the javac command).
• Use the Java virtual machine for your computer to
translate each byte-code instruction into machine
language and to run the resulting machine-language
instructions (done using the java command).

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Portability .........‫لماذا الجافا‬

• After compiling a Java program into byte-code, that

byte-code can be used on any computer with a
byte-code interpreter and without a need to
recompile.
• Byte-code can be sent over the Internet and used
anywhere in the world.
• This makes Java suitable for Internet applications.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Class Loader

• A Java program typically consists of several pieces

called classes.
• Each class may have a separate author and each is
compiled (translated into byte-code) separately.
• A class loader (called a linker in other programming
languages) automatically connects the classes
together.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
A First Java Application

public class Hello {

public static void main( String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello Basem");
}
}

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
A First Java Application
• View sample program Listing 1.1
•class FirstProgram

Sample
screen
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Some Terminology

• The person who writes a program is called the

programmer.
• The person who interacts with the program is called
the user.
• A package is a library of classes that have been
defined already.
• import java.util.Scanner;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Some Terminology

• The item(s) inside parentheses are called

argument(s) and provide the information needed by
methods.
• A variable is something that can store data.
• An instruction to the computer is called a
statement; it ends with a semicolon.
• The grammar rules for a programming language are
called the syntax of the language.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Printing to the Screen
System.out.println (“Whatever you want to print”);

• System.out is an object for sending output to the

screen.
• println is a method to print whatever is in
parentheses to the screen.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Printing to the Screen

• The object performs an action when you invoke or call

one of its methods

objectName.methodName(argumentsTheMethodNeeds);

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compiling a Java Program or Class

• A Java program consists of one or more classes, which

must be compiled before running the program.
• You need not compile classes that accompany Java
(e.g. System and Scanner).
• Each class should be in a separate file.
• The name of the file should be the same as the name
of the class.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compiling and Running

• Use an IDE (integrated development environment)

which combines a text editor with commands for
compiling and running Java programs.
• When a Java program is compiled, the byte-code
version of the program has the same name, but the
ending is changed from .java to .class.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Compiling and Running

• A Java program can involve any number of classes.

• The class to run will contain the words

public static void main(String[] args)

somewhere in the file

Driver class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Basics: Outline
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Algorithms
• Testing and Debugging
• Software Reuse

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming

• Programming is a creative process.

• Programming can be learned by discovering the
techniques used by experienced programmers.
• These techniques are applicable to almost every
programming language, including Java.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Object-Oriented Programming

• Our world consists of objects (people, trees, cars,

cities, airline reservations, etc.).
• Objects can perform actions which affect themselves
and other objects in the world.
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) treats a program
as a collection of objects that interact by means of
actions.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
OOP Terminology

• Objects, appropriately, are called objects.

• Actions are called methods.
• Objects of the same kind have the same type and
belong to the same class.
• Objects within a class have a common set of methods and
the same kinds of data
• but each object can have it’s own data values (object’s
state).

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Algorithms

• By designing methods, programmers provide

actions for objects to perform.
• An algorithm describes a means of performing an
action.
• Once an algorithm is defined, expressing it in Java
(or in another programming language) usually is
easy.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Algorithms
• An algorithm is a set of instructions for solving a
problem.
• An algorithm must be expressed completely and
precisely.
• Algorithms usually are expressed in English or in
pseudocode.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 How do you write a program?
• Decide what steps are needed to complete the task

• Write the steps (Algorithm) in pseudo code (written in

English) or as a flowchart (graphic symbols)

• Translate into the programming language

• Try out the program and “debug”.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Flow Chart symbols
• START/END (termination)

• INPUT/OUTPUT

• PROCESS

• DECISION
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Sample Pseudo code

• Task: add two numbers

• Pseudo code (Algorithm) :

1. Start
2. Get two numbers
3. Add them (a + b)
4. Print the answer
5. End

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
What does a flowchart look like?

• Pseudo code Start

(Algorithm) :
Get 2 numbers
1.Start
2.Get two numbers
A+B
3.Add them (A + B)
4.Print the answer
5.End Print answer

End

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
• The example Logic Flowchart calculates customer
discounts for a company that sells merchandise to
wholesale and retail outlets.
• Wholesale customers receive a two percent discount on
all orders.
• The company also encourages both wholesale and retail
customers to pay cash on delivery by offering a two
percent discount for this method of payment.
• Another two percent discount is given on orders of 50 or
more units. The diagram clearly illustrates that three
decisions must be made before the total discount can be
determined.
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Example: Total Cost of All Items

• Write the number 0 on the whiteboard.

• For each item on the list
• Add the cost of the item to the number on the whiteboard
• Replace the number on the whiteboard with the result of
this addition.
• Announce that the answer is the number written on
the whiteboard.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Reusable Components
• Most programs are created by combining
components that exist already.
• Reusing components saves time and money.
• Reused components are likely to be better
developed, and more reliable.
• New components should designed to be reusable
by other applications.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Testing and Debugging

• Eliminate errors by avoiding them in the first place.

• Carefully design classes, algorithms and methods.
• Carefully code everything into Java.
• Test your program with appropriate test cases
(some where the answer is known), discover and fix
any errors, then retest.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Errors
• An error in a program is called a bug.
• Eliminating errors is called debugging.
• Three kinds or errors
• Syntax errors
• Runtime errors
• Logic errors

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Syntax Errors

• Grammatical mistakes in a program

• The grammatical rules for writing a program are very
strict
• The compiler catches syntax errors and prints an
error message.
• Example: using a period where a program expects a
comma

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Runtime Errors

• Errors that are detected when your program is

running, but not during compilation
• When the computer detects an error, it terminates
the program and prints an error message.
• Example: attempting to divide by 0

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Logic Errors

• Errors that are not detected during compilation or

while running, but which cause the program to
produce incorrect results
• Example: an attempt to calculate a Fahrenheit
temperature from a Celsius temperature by
multiplying by 9/5 and adding 23 instead of 32

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

• You have completed an overview of computer

hardware and software.
• You have been introduced to program design and
object-oriented programming.
• You have completed an overview of the Java
programming language.
• You have been introduced to applets and graphics
basics.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved