CALCULUS 1

(Differential Calculus)
ENGR. ANACLETO M. CORTEZ, JR.
Course Facilitator
 Lesson 1
• Calculus is that branch of mathematics that deals with growth,
motion, maxima and minima. Where there is change and motion
where maxima and minimum performance with minimum expense are
involved, calculus is just the right mathematical tool.
 Lesson 1
Functions

A variable is a quantity whose value may change during a given

discussion or problem. Variables are denoted usually by the last letters of
the alphabet, such as x, y and z.
 Lesson 1
Functions
A constant is a quantity whose value is fixed during a given
discussion or problem. A numerical or absolute constant always has a
fixed value, such as 3, 5, 𝟐, 𝝅, etc. arbitrary constants are letters which
represent fixed numerical values during a given discussion. Thus, in the
slope-intercept form of a straight line.
y = mx + b,
x and y are the variable coordinates of a point moving along the line,
while the arbitrary constants m and b are the slope and y-intercept
respectively. m and b have fixed values for a given line.
 Lesson 1
Functions
When two variables are so related that the value of the first variable
depends on the value of the second variable, then the first variable is
said to be a function of the second. The second variable is called the
independent variable, and the first, as the dependent variable. For
instance, the area of a circle is pi times the square of the radius;
A = π 𝒓𝟐
 Lesson 1
Functions
R is the independent variable and A is the dependent variable. If,
however it is desired to solve for r,
𝑨
r=
𝝅

then A becomes the independent variable and r the independent variable.

The negative sign is excluded because the radius is always positive.
 Lesson 1
Functions

A function may be single-valued or multi-valued, depending on how

many value the dependent variable. Thus y = 2x + 4 is single-
valued for all values of x. However 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 - 𝒙𝟐 is doubled-valued, for
there are two values of y for every value of x, for y = ± 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 .
 Lesson 1
Functions
Functional Notation. The symbol f(x) is used to express a function of x
and is read “f of x”. If the variable is y, it is written f(y). The function
notation makes it simpler to denote higher degrees of the variable, or
whenever several complicated terms are involved. If several different
expressions are to be represented, other letters may be used. For
instance if f(x) is used for a certain function of x, then for another
function g(x) may be used for still another, 𝝋 (x) may be used etc.
Sometimes the letters u, v and w are used to denote functions of x. thus
u = f(x), v = g(x) and w = 𝝋 (x) are three different functions of x.
 Lesson 1
Functions
If f(x) is a given function of x it is desired to find the value of this
function when x assumes a certain value, then substitute that value for x
in the given function of x. thus, if
f(x) = 𝒙𝟑 – 4x + 5
Then f(a) = 𝒂𝟑 – 4a + 5
also f(0) – 5
and f(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝜽 -4 sin 𝜽 + 5.
 Lesson 1
Functions
Example
(a) Let 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑦 − 3 2 . Find 𝑓(𝑥 + 3)
𝑏−𝑏2 1
(b) If 𝐹 𝑏 = , find 𝑓 𝑜 , 𝑓 1 , 𝑓 , 𝑓 tan 𝑥
1+𝑏2 2
𝜋 𝜋
(c) If 𝑔 𝑥 = tan 𝑥, find 𝑔 ,𝑔 𝑥 −
6 2
 Lesson 1
Functions
Division by Zero. The quotient of two numbers a and b is a number q.
such that a = qb. If b is zero then q does not exist unless a = 0. But q
must be a number. Therefore division by zero is excluded and
𝒂 𝟎
, have no meaning.
𝟎 𝟎
 Lesson 2
Limits
• Let 𝒇 𝒙 be a function of “x” and let “a” be a constant. If there is a
number L such that, in order to make the value of 𝒇 𝒙 as close to L as
may be desired, it is sufficient to choose “x” close enough to “a”, but
different from “a”, then we say that the limit of 𝒇 𝒙 , as “x”
approaches “a”, is L.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂
which is read “the limit of 𝒇 𝒙 , as x approaches a, is L.
 Lesson 2
Limits
Theorems on Limits
 Theorem 1: The limit of the sum of two (or more) functions is equal to
the sum of their limits
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝒖 𝒙 + 𝒗 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒗 𝒙
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
 Theorem 2: The limit of the product of two or more functions is equal
to the product of their limits.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖 𝒙 . 𝒗 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖 𝒙 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒗 𝒙
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
 Lesson 2
Limits
Theorems on Limits
 Theorem 3: The limit of the quotient of two functions is equal to the
quotient of their limits, provided the limit of the denominator is not
zero.
𝒖 𝒙 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒖 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝒂 , 𝒊𝒇 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒗 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙→𝒂 𝒗 𝒙 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒗 𝒙 𝒙→𝒂
𝒙→𝒂
 Lesson 2
Limits
 Special Limits
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝜶→𝟎 𝜶

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝜶→𝟎 𝜶
 Lesson 2
Limits
 Examples
Evaluate the limit of the following functions
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 𝜷𝟑 −𝟕𝜷−𝟔
1. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓 4. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 7. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑
𝒙→𝟒 𝝅
𝜽→ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝜶→𝟎 𝟐𝜷 −𝟏𝟏𝜷𝟐 +𝟏𝟐𝜷+𝟗
𝟔

𝟐𝒕𝟐 +𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟕𝒙−𝟒

2. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑 5. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐 8. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝟑𝒙
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕 +𝟑𝒕−𝟒 𝒙→𝟒 𝒙 −𝒙−𝟏𝟐 𝒙→𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒚𝟑 −𝟏𝟑𝒚+𝟏𝟐 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
3. 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝝅 𝟑 = 6. 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑 9. 𝒍𝒊𝒎
𝜽→ 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝒚→𝟑 𝒚 −𝟏𝟒𝒚+𝟏𝟓 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝟒
 Lesson 2
Limits
 Examples
Evaluate the limit of the following functions
𝒙−𝟐
10. 𝒍𝒊𝒎+
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝟒

𝟏−𝒙𝟑
11. 𝒍𝒊𝒎−
𝒙→𝟏 𝟏−𝒙𝟐