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Beam Deflections: Structural Engineer

This document provides an overview of beam deflection analysis using the double integration method and moment-area method. It first introduces the double integration method, which involves integrating the bending moment equation twice to obtain the equation for the elastic curve of the beam. It describes the procedure for applying this method when the bending moment is a function of location. It then introduces the moment-area method, a semi-graphical technique that uses the geometric properties of the area under the bending moment diagram to indirectly integrate the bending moment and determine beam deflections and slopes. Key aspects like sign conventions and breaking the bending moment diagram into parts are also covered.

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60 views

Beam Deflections: Structural Engineer

This document provides an overview of beam deflection analysis using the double integration method and moment-area method. It first introduces the double integration method, which involves integrating the bending moment equation twice to obtain the equation for the elastic curve of the beam. It describes the procedure for applying this method when the bending moment is a function of location. It then introduces the moment-area method, a semi-graphical technique that uses the geometric properties of the area under the bending moment diagram to indirectly integrate the bending moment and determine beam deflections and slopes. Key aspects like sign conventions and breaking the bending moment diagram into parts are also covered.

Uploaded by

roselle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

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BEAM DEFLECTIONS

JONATHAN M. TIONGSON, MSCE


Structural Engineer
Introduction

In this chapter
 Consider the rigidity of beams
 Frequently, the design of beam is determined by its
rigidity rather than by its strength
 Deflections can also govern the design of the machinery,
cars, and aircraft.
 One of the most important applications of beam
deflections is to obtain equations with which, in
combination with the conditions of static equilibrium,
statically indeterminate beams can be analyzed.
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

a. Differential Equation of the Elastic Curve


EIy” = M [1]

b. Double Integration of the differential equation

If EI is constant and M is a known function of x,


integration of [1] yields
EIy” = ∫ Mdx + C1 [2]
(Slope equation)
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

A second integration gives,


EIy = ∫∫M dx dx + C1x + C2 [3]
(Equation of the elastic curve)

where C1 and C2 are constants of integration to be determined from the


prescribed constraints (i.e., boundary conditions or implied conditions)
on the deformation of the beam, and bending moment or flexural
rigidity are smooth functions of the coordinate x.

If either the bending moment or flexural rigidity is not a smooth function of


x, a separate differential equation must be written for each segment
that lies between the discontinuities. The equations for the elastic
curves for the two adjacent segments must satisfy two continuity
conditions at the junction between segments:
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

Continuity Conditions:
1. The deflection for the left-hand segment must
equal the deflection for the right hand segment,
and
2. The slope for the left-hand segment must equal
the slope for the right-hand segment.
(The continuity conditions assure that there are no
kinks or gaps at the point where two segments
meet).
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
c. Procedure for double integration
The following procedure assumes that EI is constant in each segment
of the beam:
 Sketch the elastic curve of the beam, taking into account the
boundary conditions: zero displacement at pin and roller supports as
well as zero displacement and zero slope at built-in (cantilever)
supports, for example.
 Use the method of sections to determine the bending moment M at
an arbitrary distance x from the origin. Always show M acting in the
positive direction on the free-body diagram (this assures that the
equilibrium equations yield the correct sign for the bending moment).
 If the loading has discontinuities, a separate expression for M must
be obtained for each segment between discontinuities.
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
c. Procedure for double integration
The following procedure assumes that EI is constant in each segment
of the beam:
 By integrating the expressions for M twice, obtain an expression for
EIy in each segment. Do not forget the constants of integration.

 Evaluate the constants of integration from the boundary conditions


and the continuity conditions on the slope and deflection between
segments.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
Moment-Area Method

 useful for determining the slope or deflection of a beam at a


specified location.

 Semi-graphical method in which the integration of the bending


moment is carried out indirectly by using the geometric properties of
the area under the bending moment diagram.

 Evaluate the constants of integration from the boundary conditions


and the continuity conditions on the slope and deflection between
segments.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD


MOMENT- AREA METHOD


MOMENT- AREA METHOD
Sign Conventions

The following rules of sign apply to the two moment-area theorems:

1. The tangential deviation tB/A is positive if B lies above the tangent


line drawn to the elastic curve at A, and negative if B lies below the
tangent line.

2. Positive B/A has a counterclockwise direction, whereas negative


B/A has a clockwise direction.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
b. Bending moment diagram by parts

 application of the moment-area theorems is practical only if the area


under the bending moment diagram and its first moment can be
calculated without difficulty

 the key is to divide the bending moment diagram into simple


geometic shapes (i.e., rectangles, triangles, and parabolas) that
have known areas and centroidal coordinates

 It is preferable to draw the bending moment diagram by parts, with


each part of the diagram representing the effect of one load.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
b. Bending moment diagram by parts

For a simply supported beam:


 Calculate the simple support reactions and consider them to be
applied loads

 Introduce a fixed support at a convenient location. The beam is now


cantilevered from this support.

 Draw a bending moment diagram for each load. If all the diagrams
can be fitted on a single plot, do so, drawing the positive moments
above the x-axis and the negative moments below the x-axis.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
b. Bending moment diagram by parts

n Plot of M = kxn Area


0

n (1/n+1)bh (n+1)/(n+2)
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
b. Application of the moment-area method

For Cantilever Beams:

 The displacement (deflection) equals to the tangential deviation


MOMENT- AREA METHOD


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