LOGO
BEAM DEFLECTIONS
JONATHAN M. TIONGSON, MSCE
Structural Engineer
Introduction
In this chapter
Consider the rigidity of beams
Frequently, the design of beam is determined by its
rigidity rather than by its strength
Deflections can also govern the design of the machinery,
cars, and aircraft.
One of the most important applications of beam
deflections is to obtain equations with which, in
combination with the conditions of static equilibrium,
statically indeterminate beams can be analyzed.
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
a. Differential Equation of the Elastic Curve
EIy” = M [1]
b. Double Integration of the differential equation
If EI is constant and M is a known function of x,
integration of [1] yields
EIy” = ∫ Mdx + C1 [2]
(Slope equation)
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
A second integration gives,
EIy = ∫∫M dx dx + C1x + C2 [3]
(Equation of the elastic curve)
where C1 and C2 are constants of integration to be determined from the
prescribed constraints (i.e., boundary conditions or implied conditions)
on the deformation of the beam, and bending moment or flexural
rigidity are smooth functions of the coordinate x.
If either the bending moment or flexural rigidity is not a smooth function of
x, a separate differential equation must be written for each segment
that lies between the discontinuities. The equations for the elastic
curves for the two adjacent segments must satisfy two continuity
conditions at the junction between segments:
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Continuity Conditions:
1. The deflection for the left-hand segment must
equal the deflection for the right hand segment,
and
2. The slope for the left-hand segment must equal
the slope for the right-hand segment.
(The continuity conditions assure that there are no
kinks or gaps at the point where two segments
meet).
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
c. Procedure for double integration
The following procedure assumes that EI is constant in each segment
of the beam:
Sketch the elastic curve of the beam, taking into account the
boundary conditions: zero displacement at pin and roller supports as
well as zero displacement and zero slope at built-in (cantilever)
supports, for example.
Use the method of sections to determine the bending moment M at
an arbitrary distance x from the origin. Always show M acting in the
positive direction on the free-body diagram (this assures that the
equilibrium equations yield the correct sign for the bending moment).
If the loading has discontinuities, a separate expression for M must
be obtained for each segment between discontinuities.
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
c. Procedure for double integration
The following procedure assumes that EI is constant in each segment
of the beam:
By integrating the expressions for M twice, obtain an expression for
EIy in each segment. Do not forget the constants of integration.
Evaluate the constants of integration from the boundary conditions
and the continuity conditions on the slope and deflection between
segments.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
Moment-Area Method
useful for determining the slope or deflection of a beam at a
specified location.
Semi-graphical method in which the integration of the bending
moment is carried out indirectly by using the geometric properties of
the area under the bending moment diagram.
Evaluate the constants of integration from the boundary conditions
and the continuity conditions on the slope and deflection between
segments.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
Sign Conventions
The following rules of sign apply to the two moment-area theorems:
1. The tangential deviation tB/A is positive if B lies above the tangent
line drawn to the elastic curve at A, and negative if B lies below the
tangent line.
2. Positive B/A has a counterclockwise direction, whereas negative
B/A has a clockwise direction.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
b. Bending moment diagram by parts
application of the moment-area theorems is practical only if the area
under the bending moment diagram and its first moment can be
calculated without difficulty
the key is to divide the bending moment diagram into simple
geometic shapes (i.e., rectangles, triangles, and parabolas) that
have known areas and centroidal coordinates
It is preferable to draw the bending moment diagram by parts, with
each part of the diagram representing the effect of one load.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
b. Bending moment diagram by parts
For a simply supported beam:
Calculate the simple support reactions and consider them to be
applied loads
Introduce a fixed support at a convenient location. The beam is now
cantilevered from this support.
Draw a bending moment diagram for each load. If all the diagrams
can be fitted on a single plot, do so, drawing the positive moments
above the x-axis and the negative moments below the x-axis.
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
b. Bending moment diagram by parts
n Plot of M = kxn Area
0
n (1/n+1)bh (n+1)/(n+2)
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
b. Application of the moment-area method
For Cantilever Beams:
The displacement (deflection) equals to the tangential deviation
MOMENT- AREA METHOD
LOGO
