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Statistics & Probability

This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including: 1. Statistics is the scientific study of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. The basic steps are collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation. 2. Statistics has its origins in government records and censuses from ancient Egypt and Rome. 3. There are two main areas of statistics - descriptive statistics which summarizes data, and inferential statistics which makes generalizations about a population based on a sample. 4. Key concepts include: population, sample, parameter, statistic, census, variable, and the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics.

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Carilyn Alvarez
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73 views11 pages

Statistics & Probability

This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including: 1. Statistics is the scientific study of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. The basic steps are collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation. 2. Statistics has its origins in government records and censuses from ancient Egypt and Rome. 3. There are two main areas of statistics - descriptive statistics which summarizes data, and inferential statistics which makes generalizations about a population based on a sample. 4. Key concepts include: population, sample, parameter, statistic, census, variable, and the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics.

Uploaded by

Carilyn Alvarez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICS & PROBABILITY CARILYN T.

ALVAREZ
STATISCS
The scientific body of knowledge that deals with the
collection, organization or presentation, analysis and interpretation
of data.
BASIC STEPS IN RESEARCH:
1. Collection
2. Organization/presentation
3. Analysis
4. Interpretation of data
HISTORY OF STATISCS

German, “Statik” and Latin, “Status”, which means state.


 Developed from government records
 In Egypt, government prepared registration list of all heads of the families.
 In ancient Judea and Rome, used in census of the population
MAJOR AREAS OF STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
Making generalizations for a bigger
Summary of calculations, graphical and group of observations based on
tabular displays and describing information gathered from a small group
important features of a set of data. of observation

Gathered random sample, experiment,


survey, prediction, estimation or
conclusion
DESCRIPTIVE OR INFERENTIAL?
1. The average of the students in your math class is 15 years. DESCRIPTIVE
2. The enrollment of the third year high school this year shows 54% are
male. DESCRIPTIVE
3. Teaching Tigonometry through computer methods is more effective than
teaching it through lecture method. INFERENTIAL
4. By 2040 at least 3.5 billion people will run short of water (World Future
Society) INFERENTIAL
TERMINOLOGIES TO REMEMBER

POPULATION is the collection of all elements in a study.


SAMPLE is a part or a portion of the population selected for
study.
PARAMETER is any numerical or nominal characteristics of a
population. It is the value obtained from a POPULATION.
STATISTICS is an estimate of the parameter. It is any value or
measurement obtained from a SAMPLE.
SAMPLE SAMPLE

POPULATION
Use statistics to
summarize features
Use parameters to
summarize features

Inference on the population from the sample


PARAMETER OR STATISTICS?
1. A sample of students is selected, and the average age is 15.7
years. STATISTICS
2. After checking the computer records fro every commercial movie
made last year, the longest running time was found to be 187
minutes. PARAMETER
3. Among the mayors who were surveyed, 30 of them were found
to be members of the National Party. STATISTICS
TERMINOLOGIES TO REMEMBER
CENSUS is the collection of data from every element in a population.
UNIT is an individual object or person in the population.
N denotes the size of the population.
n denotes the size of the sample.
VARIABLE is a characteristic or property of a population or sample
which makes the members different from each other.
EXAMPLES: Gender, Age, Eye, Color; Religion
DATA (datum) are facts, or sets of information or observations under
study.
EXAMPLES: Gender-Male; Age-28 years old
TERMINOLOGIES TO REMEMBER
Independent Variable is one which affects or influences the
dependent variable.
Dependent Variable is a variable which is affected or influenced
by another variable.
Intervening Variable is an attribute or characteristics that “stands
between” the independent and dependent variables and exercises
an influence on the dependent variable apart from the
independent variable.
FOUR TYPES OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
1. MEASURED VARIABLE – An independent variable that is measured in a study. It is a type of variable that is categorical or
continuous variable that is measured or observed in the study.
example:

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