RMD
Transformers
Knowledge
EQ-EL-015-K
Your details go here (24)
www.equate.com
EQUATE Petrochemical Company / www.equate.com
Objectives
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At the end of this lesson you will be able to:
• Describe Transformer Basics
• Describe Transformers used in Equate
• Describe transformers’ insulation types.
• Explain H.V transformers cooling system types.
• Explain the function of the Buchholz Relay.
• Describe the current transformer application.
• Explain the purpose of conservator tank of transformer.
• Explain the function of transformer oil.
• Explain online / offline tap changer
• Explain the P.M required for the HV and MV transformers.
Transformer
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Definition of Transformer.
An Electrical Power transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy from one
circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of Mutual Induction
between two windings.
It transforms power from one circuit to another without changing its frequency but to a
different voltage level.(Step up (or) Step down)
Basic Theory of Transformers
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• Whenever we apply alternating Current to an electric coil, there will be an alternating flux
surrounding that coil.
• Now if we bring another coil near the first one, there will be an alternating flux linkage with
that second coil.
• As the flux is alternating, there will be obviously a rate of change in flux linkage with respect
to time in the second coil.
• Naturally emf will be induced in it as under Faradays Law of electromagnetic induction.
Working Principle of a Transformer
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The working principle depends upon Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction. Mutual induction between two or more windings are responsible for
the transformation action in an electrical transformer.
According to Faraday’s law :
"Rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time is directly proportional to the
induced EMF in a conductor or coil".
Transformers in a Power Grid
•
(Usage in an Power grid System)
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Transformers used in EQUATE
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Transformers in EQUATE fall under various categories :
1. Distribution Step Down Transformers :
• These transformers are installed at all Unit Substations to step down the voltage
levels required by the Unit loads.
• Transformers are available in the size of Ratings 2MVA up to 160MVA.
• Voltage levels of 300KV, 33KV, 11.5KV, 6.6KV, 3.45KV and 435V
2. Power and Lighting Transformers :
• These transformers are installed at various substations to cater power and
lighting loads. (435V and 230V loads)
• Transformers are generally indoor type and size from 200KVA up to 500KVA.
Types of Transformers
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Transformers can be categorized in different ways, depending upon
their purpose, use, construction and so on.
The Types of Transformer in EQUATE are as follows
1.Step Up Transformer & Step Down Transformer.
2.Three Phase Transformer & Single Phase Transformer.
3.Electrical Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer & Instrument Transformer
4.Two Winding Transformer & Auto Transformer
5.Outdoor Transformer & Indoor Transformer
Types of Transformers
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Construction and design:
The transformer core is used to provide a controlled path for the magnetic flux generated in the
transformer.
Transformers generally have one of two types of cores: Core Type and Shell Type. These two
types are distinguished from each other by the manner in which the primary and secondary
coils are place around the steel core.
Core type - With this type, the windings
surround the laminated core.
Shell type - With this type, the windings are
surrounded by the laminated core.
Step Up & Step Down Transformers
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Step Up Transformer & Step Down Transformers – are generally used for stepping up and
down the Voltage level of power in transmission and distribution power network.
Three & Single Phase Transformers
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Large single Transformers are generally used in a three phase power
system as it is cost effective but these are large in size. It is preferable to
use a bank of three single phase transformers as they are easier to
transport than one single three phase unit.
Three Phase Transformer. Single Phase Transformer
Electrical Power & Distribution Transformers
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Power transformers are used in a
transmission network of higher
voltages for step-up and step
down application (400 kV, 200
kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are
generally rated above 200MVA.
Distribution transformers are
used for lower voltage
distribution networks as a means
to end user connectivity. (11kV,
6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and
are generally rated less than 200
MVA.
Instrument Transformers
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A current transformer (CT) is used for
measurement of alternating electric
currents.
A voltage transformer (VT) is used in electrical
power systems for stepping down the system
voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low
ratings meters and relays.
Current transformers, together with Voltage (or potential) transformers are known
collectively as Instrument transformers
Two Winding & Auto Transformer
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A two winding or auto Transformer is generally used where ratio
between high Voltage and low Voltage is greater than 2. It is cost
effective to use later where the ratio between high Voltage and low
Voltage is less than 2.
Two winding Transformer Auto transformer
Outdoor & Indoor Transformers
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Indoor Transformers are installed inside the
substation.
These are cast resin based Dry type
transformers, single or three phase in the range
of 150-500KVA.
Dry-type general-purpose transformers are
cooled by free circulation of surrounding air
Outdoor Transformers are installed outside in
open atmosphere.
These are generally oil filled transformers.
Transformer Parts
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Transformer
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Insulating oil in a Power transformer is commonly known as transformer oil. This oil
is also known as mineral insulating oil as it is obtained from crude.
Transformer oil serves mainly two purposes :
1. It is liquid insulation in an electrical power transformer
2. It dissipates heat of the transformer (acts as coolant)
Parameters of Transformer Oil :
• Electrical: Dielectric strength, specific resistance, dielectric dissipation factor.
• Chemical: Water content, acidity, sludge content.
• Physical: Inter facial tension, viscosity, flash point, pour point.
Dielectric Strength of Transformer Oil
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The dielectric strength of transformer oil is also known as Break Down
Voltage (BDV)
BDV is measured by observing the voltage at which sparking starts between two
electrodes immerged in the oil, separated by a specific gap.
A low value of BDV indicates presence of moisture content and conducting
substances in the oil.
For measuring BDV of transformer oil, a portable BDV measuring kit is generally
available at site. In this kit, oil is kept in a pot in which one pair of electrodes are
fixed with a gap of 2.5 mm
Transformer oil BDV
should be always above
30KV
Transformer Radiator
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The working principle of a radiator is very simple. It just increases the
surface area of transformer for dissipating heat of the oil.
The radiator of transformer accelerates the cooling rate of the transformer. Thus, it
plays a vital role in increasing loading capacity of an Electrical Transformers.
Oil inside a transformer tank circulates continuously through the Radiators and in the
process heat gets dissipated.
Dissipation of heat in the transformer radiator can be accelerated further by the force
of air provided by means of fans.
Fans
Radiators
Conservator Tank
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Conservator Tank of a Transformer
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on a supporting structure on the roof of a
transformer main tank.
The main function of a conservator tank is to provide adequate space for
expansion of oil inside the transformer.
It also acts as a reservoir for the transformer insulating oil.
Conservator
Tank
Buchholz relay
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Buchholz relay is a safety device which is generally used in oil immersed transformers.
It is an oil and gas actuated protection relay. It is used for the protection of a transformer
from the faults occurring inside the transformer, such as impulse breakdown of the
insulating oil, insulation failure of the turns etc.
Buchholz relay is placed on the pipe connecting the transformer
tank and conservator.
• Whenever a fault occurs inside the transformer, heat is
produced by the fault currents.
• The produced heat causes decomposition of
transformer oil and gas bubbles are produced.
• These gas bubbles flow in upward direction and get
collected in the buchholz relay.
• The collected gas displaces the oil in buchholz relay.
• The displacement of oil will activate the switch inside
relay to trip the transformer from supply.
Silica Gel Breather
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On the Transformer there is a Silica Gel Breather. It is very simple in design. It is
nothing but a pot of silica gel through which air passes during breathing of the
transformer. The silica gel is a very good absorber of moisture.
The natural air always consists of more or less moisture in it and this moisture can
be mixed up with oil if it is allowed to enter into the transformer. The air moisture
should be resisted during entering of the air into the transformer, because moisture
is very harmful for transformer insulation.
A silica gel breather is the most commonly
used way of filtering air from moisture.
Silica gel breather for transformer is
connected to the conservator tank by means
of a breathing pipe.
Breather
Tap Changer (Voltage variation)
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A tap changer is a connection point selection mechanism along a power transformer winding
that allows a variable number of turns to be selected in discrete steps. A transformer with
variable turns ratio is produced, enabling stepped voltage regulation of the output. The tap
selection may be made via an automatic or manual tap changer mechanism
Off Load Tap Changer the power to the device must be interrupted during the switchover event.
The tap changer will often be set just once, at the time of installation, although it may be changed
later during a scheduled outage to accommodate a long-term change in the system voltage
profile.
On Load Tap Changer :
For many power transformer applications, a supply interruption during a tap
change is unacceptable, and the transformer is often fitted with a more expensive
and complex on-load tap-changing (OLTC, sometimes LTC) mechanism. On-load
tap changers may be generally classified as either mechanical, electronically
assisted, or fully electronic.
Transformer Insulation Types
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The thermal classification of transformers represents the highest temperature the
electrical winding can accept while operating at the highest load condition (hot spot)
and should have insulating materials, which at least match this rating.
Insulation system O C o F
Class A Class 105 105 221
Class E Class 120 120 248
Class B Class 130 130 266
Class F Class 155 155 311
Class H Class 180 180 356
Class N Class 200 200 392
Class R Class 220 220 428
Class S Class 240 240 464
Class C Class over 240 +240 +464
Transformer Cooling System Types :
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No transformer is truly an 'ideal transformer' and hence each will incur some
electrical losses, most of which get converted into heat.
If this heat is not dissipated properly, the excess temperature in transformer may
cause serious problems such as insulation failure. It is obvious that transformers
need a cooling system.
Transformers can be divided in two types
– Dry type transformers
– Oil immersed transformers
Dry Type Transformers Oil Immersed Transformers
Air Natural (AN) Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
Air Blast Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)
Transformer Cooling system Types
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ONAF Cooling OFWF Cooling
OFAF Cooling ONAN Cooling
Testing of Transformers
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Types
. of Test: To prove that the transformer meets customers specifications and design
expectations, the transformer has to go through different testing procedures:
Tests by the manufacturer
• Transformer winding resistance measurement
• Transformer ratio test.
• Transformer vector group test.
• Short Circuit Test (Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance)
• Open circuit test (Measurement of no load loss and current)
• Measurement of insulation resistance.
• Dielectric tests of transformer.
• Temperature rise test of transformer.
• Tests on on-load tap-changer.
• Vacuum tests on tank and radiators.
Maintenance Tests on a Transformer
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1. Measurement of Insulation Resistance
2. Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement
3. Transformer Oil testing which includes BDV test, DGA test and Moisture
test
Questions
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TBC once signed off
Summary
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You know have knowledge of:
Transformers
This E learning will be followed up by a Q & A Session with your SME
which will give you an opportunity to ask any in depth questions you
may have on this subject.
RMD
Transformers
Knowledge
EQ-EL-015-K
Your details go here (24)
www.equate.com
EQUATE Petrochemical Company / www.equate.com
