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Transforms

This document discusses different types of image transforms. It explains that spatial frequencies describe the rate of change of pixel intensity across an image and can be visualized using line profiles. There are two main categories of transforms - orthogonal transforms like the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) which use sinusoidal basis functions, and non-sinusoidal transforms like Walsh-Hadamard. The DFT and DCT are explained with examples showing the original image and transformed spectra. Other transforms discussed include the singular value decomposition (SVD) transform and Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), also known as principal component analysis (PCA).

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27 views

Transforms

This document discusses different types of image transforms. It explains that spatial frequencies describe the rate of change of pixel intensity across an image and can be visualized using line profiles. There are two main categories of transforms - orthogonal transforms like the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) which use sinusoidal basis functions, and non-sinusoidal transforms like Walsh-Hadamard. The DFT and DCT are explained with examples showing the original image and transformed spectra. Other transforms discussed include the singular value decomposition (SVD) transform and Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), also known as principal component analysis (PCA).

Uploaded by

indhuja h
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• IMAGE TRANSFORMS

INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR IMAGE TRANSFORMS
Spatial Frequencies in Image Processing

• ‘spatial frequency’ is used to describe the


rate of change of pixel intensity of an
image in space. It can be visualized using
the line profile of the image in any row or
column.
Image Profile/Spatial Frequency
Types of image transforms

• Essentially there are two categories of


transforms available
1. Orthogonal Transforms(Basis fns are sinusoidal in nature)
EX:DFT,DCT

2. Non-sinusoidal Transforms.
EX:Walsh-Hadamard and Haar Transforms
Transforms

In image processing, a kernel, convolution matrix, or mask is a small matrix. It


is used for blurring, sharpening, embossing, edge detection, and more.
• DFT
Introduction to Fourier Transform
• The inverse Fourier transform is expressed
mathematically as
DFT(DISCRETE FORM)
DFT
Discrete Fourier Transform

Example

Main Image (Gray Level) DFT of Main image Logarithmic scaled


(Fourier spectrum) of the Fourier spectrum
• DCT
Discrete cosine Transform
DCT
Discrete Cosine Transform

Example

Main Image (Gray Level) DCT of Main image Logarithmic scaled


(Cosine spectrum) of the Cosine spectrum
DCT Example

30
Blockwise DCT Example

31
SVD Transform
KL Transform
Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT)
Hotelling transform or Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
PCA
PCA

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