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Lecture01 - Introductory Concepts

This document is a lecture on circuit elements, variables, and parameters. It introduces important concepts in electric circuits including charge, current, voltage, independent sources, dependent sources, and network topology concepts like nodes, branches, and loops. Key points covered include defining electric current as the flow of electric charge, differentiating between direct and alternating current, explaining voltage as the work required to move a unit charge between two points, and introducing common dependent sources like voltage-controlled voltage sources. Network analysis concepts such as Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws are also briefly introduced.

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86 views30 pages

Lecture01 - Introductory Concepts

This document is a lecture on circuit elements, variables, and parameters. It introduces important concepts in electric circuits including charge, current, voltage, independent sources, dependent sources, and network topology concepts like nodes, branches, and loops. Key points covered include defining electric current as the flow of electric charge, differentiating between direct and alternating current, explaining voltage as the work required to move a unit charge between two points, and introducing common dependent sources like voltage-controlled voltage sources. Network analysis concepts such as Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws are also briefly introduced.

Uploaded by

Carl P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELCIAN1

Lecture 01 – Circuit Elements,


Variables and Parameters
Elmer R. Magsino, MS EE

ELCIAN1 - p1
Outline

Importance of this subject 


Electric Circuits
Charge & Current
Voltage
Independent and Dependent Sources
Nodes, Branches, Loops

From Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by C. K. Alexander ELCIAN1 - p2


and M. N. O. Sadiku
Importance of this Subject

One of the FUNDAMENTAL theories


(electromagnetic theory) upon which all
branches of electrical engineering are
built.
Analysis of Circuits – behavior of electric
circuits and use of different techniques

ELCIAN1 - p3
Electric Circuit
Is an interconnection of electrical
elements.
Three basic components
Source of electric energy
Medium of transfer of electric energy
User of electric energy

ELCIAN1 - p4
Electric Charge
Underlying principle for explaining all
electrical phenomena
Most basic quantity in an electric circuit
Examples
Getting shocked sometimes when touching
some things
Placing a balloon above our head
An electrical property of the atomic
particles which matter consists, measured
in coulombs (C).
ELCIAN1 - p5
Charge
 Recall: The Carbon atom
 Building blocks are:
Proton, Electron and Neutron
 1 e = 1.602 x 10-19C
 #P’s = # E’s = neutral
charge
 Law of conservation of
charges – charge can
neither be created nor
destroyed, only transferred.
http://www.universetoday.com/56469/atom-diagram/

ELCIAN1 - p6
Electric Current
 Flow of electric charges.

 A supply compels these atoms to move


Positive – say to the right (convention we follow)
Negative – say to the left (opposite the positive charge)

ELCIAN1 - p7
Electric Current
 Mathematically, electric current is the time rate
of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).
dq Q
i A  I
dt t
Coulomb
1 Ampere  1
sec
t
q   idt
t0
ELCIAN1 - p8
Direct and Alternating Currents
Direct current (DC) –a current that remains
constant with time.
Represented with I
Any gadget with batteries,
cellphones, laptops
Alternating current (AC) – a current that
varies sinusoidally with time.
Represented with i
Aircon, refrigerator
electric appliances ELCIAN1 - p9
Current flow conventions

ELCIAN1 - p10
Voltage

Electromotive force (EMF) a.k.a. voltage


or potential difference
The voltage between two points is the
energy (or work) needed to move a unit
charge from one point to another.

ELCIAN1 - p11
Voltage
Mathematically
dw
vab  V
dq
w  energy in Joules (J)
q  charge in coulombs (C)
Joule Newton - meter
1volt  1 1
Coulomb Coulomb
ELCIAN1 - p12
Voltage

ELCIAN1 - p13
Sources or supplies

Two types of circuit elements


Active – capable of generating energy
Passive – is not capable of generating energy
or uses energy
For this course, we focus on voltage and
current sources that deliver power to the
circuit connected to them.

ELCIAN1 - p14
Independent source

Is an active element that provides a


specified voltage or current that is
completely independent of other circuit
variables.

ELCIAN1 - p15
Dependent source
Is an active element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another voltage or
current
Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
Current-controlled current source (CCCS)

ELCIAN1 - p16
Example

ELCIAN1 - p17
Some notes…

Ideal voltage sources


Produce any current required to ensure that the
terminal voltage is as stated
Ideal current sources
Produce the necessary voltage to ensure the
stated current flow.

Could supply an infinite amount of energy.


ELCIAN1 - p18
Nodes, Branches and Loops
Network – an interconnection of elements
or devices
Circuit – a network providing one or more
closed paths

Branch – represents a single element such


as voltage source or a resistor
Node – the point of connection between
two or more branches
Loop – any closed path in a circuit
ELCIAN1 - p19
Nodes, Branches and Loops

ELCIAN1 - p20
Network topology
Fundamental Theorem:
b  l  n 1
b  number of branches
l  number of loops
n  number of nodes
Used in the study of voltages and currents
in a given circuit
ELCIAN1 - p21
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p22
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p23
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p24
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p25
Problem Solving
 What type of dependent sources are shown below?

ELCIAN1 - p26
Problem Solving

How many branches, nodes and loops


does the circuit below have?

ELCIAN1 - p27
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p28
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p29
Problem Solving

ELCIAN1 - p30

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