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I. Introduction and Cell Parts

Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances and interactions in living organisms. The major biochemical components of the human body are water, inorganic salts, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Biochemistry involves studying the structure and function of biomolecules, informational pathways, and bioenergetics. Key tools used are understanding molecular structures, functions, and pathways.

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41 views35 pages

I. Introduction and Cell Parts

Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances and interactions in living organisms. The major biochemical components of the human body are water, inorganic salts, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Biochemistry involves studying the structure and function of biomolecules, informational pathways, and bioenergetics. Key tools used are understanding molecular structures, functions, and pathways.

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Vevirly Copuz
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOCHEMISTRY

PREPARED BY: VEVIRLY P. CORPUZ, RPh


Biochemistry

The study of the chemical substances


found in living organisms and the
chemical interactions of these substances
with each other
Water
BIOINORGANIC (about 70%)

SUBSTANCES Inorganic salts


(about 5%)

BIOCHEMICAL
Proteins
SUBSTANCES (about 15%)
Lipids
BIOORGANIC (about 8%)
SUBSTANCES Carbohydrates
(about 2%)
Nucleic acids
(about 2%)

Mass composition data for the human body in terms of major types of biochemical substance
Three areas to study:

1. Structural and
functional Biochemistry

2. Informational
Biochemistry

3. Bioenergetics
Tools to study biochemistry:

Know chemical structures and reactivities of


molecules that participate in cellular reactions

Know biological function of cellular molecules

Know how all of the pieces and different


pathways fit together
Biomacromolecules

 Self-assembled into cellular structures and


complexes

 Recognizes and interact with one another in


specific ways to perform essential cellular functions

 Interactions are weak and reversible

 Molecules have three dimensions and shapes


ORGANISMS
Comparison of Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Structural Elements)
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Structural Elements)

Outer layer of
cellulose or chitin; or
absent

Function
 Protection
 Support
Cytoskeleton

Network of protein
filaments

Function
 Structural support
 Cell movement
Flagella and Cilia
 Cellular extensions
 Flagella - a lash-like appendage that
protrudes from the cell body of
certain bacteria and eukaryotic cells
termed as flagellates
 Cilia - are slender protuberances that
project from the much larger cell
body.

Function
Motility or moving fluids over surfaces
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Plasma Membrane & Endomembrane System)
Plasma Membrane

Lipid bilayer in which


proteins are
embedded

Functions
Regulates what passes
into and out of cell
Endoplasmic reticulum

Network of internal
membranes

Functions
 Forms compartments
and vesicles
 Participates in protein
and lipid synthesis
Nucleus

Structure surrounded by
double membrane that
contains chromosomes

Functions
 Control center of cell
 Directs protein synthesis
and cell production
Golgi Apparatus

Stacks of flattened
vesicles

Functions
 Packages proteins for
export from the cell
 Forms secretory vesicles
Lysosomes

Vesicles derived from golgi


complex that contains
hydrolytic digestive
enzymes

Functions
 Digest worn-out organelles
and cell debris
 Play role in cell death
Peroxisomes

Vesicles formed from the


ER containing oxidative
and other enzymes

Function
 Isolate particular of
chemical activities from
of cell
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Energy-Producing Organelles)
Mitochondria

Bacteria like filaments with


double membrane

Function
 site of oxidative
metabolism
 Provides ATP for cellular
energy
Chloroplast

Bacteria-like organelles
found in plants and
algae
Complex inner
membrane consists of
stacked vesicles

Functions
 Sites of photosynthesis
Eukaryotic Cell Parts
(Elements of Gene Expression)
Chromosomes

Long threads of DNA


that form a complete
with protein

Functions
 Contain hereditary
information
Nucleolus

Site of gene for rRNA


synthesis

Function
 Assembles ribosomes
Ribosomes

Small, complex assemblies


of protein and RNA
Often bound to
endoplasmic reticulum

Function
 Sites of protein synthesis

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