Power System Analysis

EEE-4901
Prepared by :
Dr. Masuma Akter
Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE
DUET, Gazipur
Power System Analysis ; EEE-4901

Recommended Books:

1. Elements of Power System Analysis, john J. Grainger and

William D. Stevenson Jr.
2. Principles of Power System, V.K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta
Power System Analysis ; EEE-4901

Voltage Classification
Power System Analysis ; EEE-4901

A Power System Consist of

1. Generation system
2. Transmission system
3. Distribution system
4. Loads

 Power system analysis deals with analysis problems associated with power
network.

 Power flow analysis, short circuit analysis and transient stability study are the
main power system analysis problems.
Direction of power flow
 Direction of power flow

The reactive power absorbed in the series impedance is

Direction of power flow
Voltage and current in balanced three phase circuit
Voltage and current in balanced three phase circuit

The line voltages: The line currents:

Voltage and current in balanced three phase circuit

Phasor diagram of various powers and

functions of the operator a.
Voltage and current in balanced three phase circuit

Example 1.2: self study Phasor diagram of line-to-line voltages in

relation to line-to-nutral voltages in a
balanced three phase circuit.
Voltage and current in balanced three phase circuit

Example 1.2: In a balanced three-phase circuit the voltage Vab is 173.200 V. Determine all
the voltages and the currents in a Y-connected load having ZL= 10200 . Assume that
the phase sequence is abc.

Solution:

Vab is reference.
 Voltage and current in balanced three phase circuit

Self study: Figure 1.19 and Figure 1.20, Table 1.2

Per-phase equivalent or single-phase circuit:

When solving balanced three-phase circuits, it

is not necessary to work with the entire three-
phase circuit diagram.

Phasor diagram of currents.

One phase of the circuit.

Voltage and current in balanced three phase circuit

Example 1.3: The terminal voltage of a Y-connected load consisting of three equal
impedances of 20300  is 4.4 kV line to line. The impedance of each of the three lines
connecting the load to a substation is ZL= 1.4750  . Find the line-to-line voltage at the
substation bus.

Solution: Van, the voltage across the load is chosen

as reference.

Van= 254000 and Ian=Van/Zload = 127.0-300

Line-to-neutral voltage at the substation is

Van+ IanZL = 254000 + 127-300  1.4750 = 26702.700

The magnitude of the voltage at the substation bus = 32.67=4.62 kV.

Self study: Power in balanced three-phase circuits

 Per Unit System
Advantages

1. Per-unit representation results in a more meaningful and correlated data. It gives relative magnitude
information.
2. There will be less chance of missing up between single - and three-phase powers or between line and
phase voltages.
3. The p.u. system is very useful in simulating machine systems on analog, digital, and hybrid computers for
steady-state and dynamic analysis.
4. Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of a piece of apparatus in p.u. (or per cent) on the base of
the name plate rating of power ( ) and voltage ( ). Hence, it can be used directly if the bases chosen are the
same as the name plate rating.
5. The p.u. value of the various apparatus lie in a narrow range, though the actual values vary widely.
6. The p.u. equivalent impedance (Zsc) of any transformer is the same referred to either primary or
secondary side. For complicated systems involving many transformers or different turns ratio, this advantage
is a significant one in that a possible cause of serious mistakes is removed.
7. Though the type of transformer in 3-phase system, determine the ratio of voltage bases, the p.u.
impedance is the same irrespective of the type of 3-phase transformer.
8. Per-unit method allows the same basic arithmetic operation resulting in per-phase end values, without
having to worry about the factor '100' which occurs in per cent system.
 Per Unit System
For 1 phase circuits, the following relationships must also be included:
 Per Unit System

Another Example: Assume Base kVA3 = 30000 kVA and Base kVLL= 120 kV.

Base kVA1 = 30000/3=10000 kVA

Base kVLN= 120 /3=69.2 kV.

For an actual line-to-line voltage of 108 kV

Per-unit voltage = ??
Per unit power = ??
Base current=??
Base impedance = ??
 Per Unit System
Base impedance and base current can be calculated directly from three phase values of
base kV and base kVA.
Changing the base of per unit quantities
Changing the base of per unit quantities
Node Equations
Node Equations
Node Equations
 Node Equations

Example:
 Single-line or one-line diagram

• A simplified diagram , indicating the components parts by standard

symbols rather than by their circuits, of an electric system is called a single-
line or one-line diagram.

• The purpose of single line diagram is to supply in concise form the

significant information about the system.

•ANSI and IEEE have published a set of standard symbols for electrical
diagram.
Single-line or one-line diagram
Impedance and reactance diagrams

Single-line diagram of an electrical power system

Per-phase impedance diagram corresponding to the single-line diagram

Impedance and reactance diagrams

Per-phase reactance diagram corresponding to the single-line diagram

Conversions from one Base to another
Reason of changing base:
• As different components can have different ratings and different from the
system rating, it is necessary to convert all quantities to a common base to
do arithmetic or algebraic operation.

• Addition, subtractions, multiplications and divisions will give meaningful

results only if they are to the same base.
 Basics of a transformer
For a transformer, we know,
 Per Unit quantities across Transformers
Reasons of per unit quantities changes across transformers:
• When a transformer is present in a power system, although the power
rating on either side of a transformer remains same, the voltage rating
changes, and so does the base voltage across a transformer.

• Since the power rating remains unchanged, the impedance and current
ratings also change accordingly.
Per Unit quantities across Transformers
Per Unit quantities across Transformers
Solution:
Generator G:
The base voltage at the generator ==(220*13.5/220) =13.5 kV,
and on the load side = (220*33/220)= 33 kV.
Line voltage = 1.15 * 13.8/13.5 = 1.176 pu
Phase voltage = 1.15 * (13.8/√3)/(13.5/√3) = 1.176 pu
Reactance = 0.85 * (13.8/13.5)2/(500/200) = 0.355 pu
Transformer T1: Reactance of 8% (or 0.08 pu) remains unchanged as the
given base is the same as the new chosen base.
Transmission Line: Reactance of 7.8 Ω corresponds to 7.8 * 500/2202 =
0.081 pu
Transformer T2: Reactance of 11% (0.11 pu) corresponds to 0.11 *
500/400 = 0.1375 pu
Load: Load of 250 MVA at a power factor of 0.85 corresponds to
250/500 = 0.5 pu at a power factor of 0.85 lag (power factor angle =
31.79°)
∴ resistance of load = 0.5 * 0.85 = 0.425 pu
and reactance of load = 0.5 * sin 31.79° = 0.263 pu
Per Unit quantities across Transformers
Impedance and reactance diagrams
Impedance and reactance diagrams
 Power System Analysis ; EEE-4901
Example 2.1, 2.5, 2.6,2.7, 2.8, 2.9
Power System Analysis ; EEE-4901
Power System Analysis ; EEE-4901
Power System Analysis ; EEE-4901