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Lecture Notes 3

The document discusses homogeneous differential equations and how to solve them using substitution. It provides examples of homogeneous functions and uses them to solve sample homogeneous differential equations. Specifically, it explains that if the coefficients of a differential equation are homogeneous of the same degree, substitution of y=vx or x=vy can yield a variables-separable differential equation that is easier to solve. It then works through an example of using this substitution to solve the equation xy dx − (x^2 + 3y^2) dy = 0.

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108 views6 pages

Lecture Notes 3

The document discusses homogeneous differential equations and how to solve them using substitution. It provides examples of homogeneous functions and uses them to solve sample homogeneous differential equations. Specifically, it explains that if the coefficients of a differential equation are homogeneous of the same degree, substitution of y=vx or x=vy can yield a variables-separable differential equation that is easier to solve. It then works through an example of using this substitution to solve the equation xy dx − (x^2 + 3y^2) dy = 0.

Uploaded by

JoSa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Homogeneous

Differential Equation
Linear and First Order
Homogeneous Function
A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous of degree 𝑡 if
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘 𝑡 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
Examples.
1. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 is homogeneous of degree 2
2 2 2
because 𝑓 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 + 3 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
2 2 1
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 is homogeneous of degree 2
1
because 𝑔 𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑦 2 = 𝑘 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) 2

3. ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 is homogeneous of
degree 3.
2 2
4. 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6 is not homogeneous
5. 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑧 is homogeneous of
degree 2.
6. 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 is not homogeneous
3
7. 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 is homogeneous of degree 2

RULE: Given the differential equation


𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
If 𝑀 and 𝑁 are homogeneous of the same degree, then we
can make the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 or 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦. This will yield
a variables-separable type of differential equation.
Example. Solve the ODE 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 .
Solution. We can try either of the substitutions 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 or
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦. Since the coefficient of 𝑑𝑥 is simpler, let us try 𝑥 =
𝑣𝑦. Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣. Substitution will give us
2 2
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣𝑦 𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 3
𝑦
We have separated the variables and the next step is
integration:
𝑑𝑦
න 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 3 න
𝑦
𝑣2
+ 𝑐′ = 3 ln 𝑦
2
𝑣 2 + 𝑐 = 6 ln 𝑦
Since our substitution is 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦, we change 𝑣 = 𝑥/𝑦.
𝑥2
+ 𝑐 = 6 ln 𝑦 or 𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑦 2 = 6𝑦 2 ln 𝑦
𝑦2
Exercises. (page 28) Find the general solution.
1. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 2
2. 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 5𝑣 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 3𝑣 − 7𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 0

Exercises. (page 29) Find the particular solution.


1. 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0.
2 𝑦
2. [𝑥 cos − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 = 𝜋/4 when
𝑥
𝑥 = 1.

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