REVIEW ON WATER
RESOURCES
ENGINEERING
MA. ANGELICA N. JUANITAS
1. IRRIGATION (REQUIREMENT
&METHODS)
2. GROUND WATER RESOURCES
3. GROUND WATER AND WELLS
4. WELL IRRIGATION
5. PROPERTIES OF A WELL
6. CANAL IRRIGATION
IRRIGATION
Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to
plants at needed intervals.
For agriculture
- it is used to assist of growing agricultural crop, maintenance of
landscape and re-vegetation of disturb soils in dry areas
TYPES OF IRRIGATION:
1. Surface Irrigation
• Uncontrolled Flooding
• Border Irrigation
• Basin Irrigation
• Furrow Irrigation
Basin Irrigation Furrow Irrigation
2. Subsurface
Irrigation
- also known as subirrigation
- simply applying water to soil directly under the
surface.
3. Sprinkler Irrigation
- is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar
to natural rainfall.
4. Drip Irrigation
- sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping
water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 liters/hour) from a
system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets
called emitters or drippers.
GROUND WATER RESOURCES
• Groundwater is that part of the subsurface water which occurs
within the saturated zone of the earth’s crust where all pores
are filled with water
• The amount of water stored in the earth’s crust may be of the
order of 8 billion cubic kilometers, half of which is at depths less
than 800 m
• 98% of Earth's available fresh water is groundwater
HOW MUCH GROUND WATER IS PRESENT IN
THE EARTH?
Distribution of the water on
Earth:
Ocean water: 97.2 percent
Glaciers and other ice: 2.15 percent
Groundwater: 0.61 percent
Fresh water lakes: 0.009 percent
Inland seas: 0.008 percent
Soil Moisture: 0.005 percent
Atmosphere: 0.001 percent
Are surface water and groundwater connected?
Groundwater
provides the base for
surface water
(something we call
baseflow)
Ground water source is replenished through the
processes:
• Infiltration - is the process by which the precipitation and
surface water move downward into the soil.
• Percolation - is the vertical and lateral movement through
the various openings in the geological formations.
• Natural sources of replenishment include rainwater, melting
snow or ice and water in stream channels, and lakes or other
natural bodies of water.
GROUNDWATER AND WELLS
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH POROUS MEDIA:
• In fluid mechanics, fluid flow through porous media is the
manner in which fluids behave when flowing through a
porous medium
• The basic flow of fluids through porous media is DARCY’S LAW.
TYPES OF POROUS MEDIA:
SATURATED FLOW:
SMALLER PORES, MORE FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE, LOWER
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
UNSATURATED FLOW:
WATER FLOWS THROUGH A SMALLER AVAILABLE AREA-AS
SUCH THERE IS MORE FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE AND THE RATE
AT WHICH WATER CAN FLOW DECREASES.
The subsurface occurrence of ground water can be divided
into two zones:
(1)the vadose zone or unsaturated zone or zone of
aeration
(2) the phreatic zone or saturated zone or zone of
saturation
WELL IRRIGATION
Well irrigation ensures more reliable irrigation and,
therefore, enables the farmers to grow more remunerative
crops with improved yield.
AQUIFER TEST
PURPOSE OF CONDUCTING AQUIFER TEST:
• To determine Its hydraulic conductivity
• Its transmissivity and;
• Its storativity
Pumping Test
A pumping test consists of pumping groundwater from a well,
usually at a constant rate, and measuring water levels in the
pumped well and any nearby wells (observation wells)
TWO TYPES OF AQUIFER:
CONFINED AQUIFER - is an aquifer below the land surface that
is saturated with water.
UNCONFINED AQUIFER - are those into which water seeps from
the ground surface directly above the aquifer
WELL PROPERTIES/WELL DESIGN:
Well design is the process of specifying the physical materials and
dimensions for various well components.
The main objectives of well design are:
• To obtain the highest yield with a minimum drawdown consistent
with aquifer capability
and well requirement,
• To obtain good quality water with proper protection from
contamination,
• To obtain sand-free water.
• To ensure long life (30–40 years) of well
• To have reasonable installation, maintenance, and operation
costs.
REQUIREMENTS:
• hydrogeologic information for making the design
• Standard design procedure for a water well
1. Selection of strata to be screened
2. Design of well casing and housing
pipe
3. Design of well screen
MEHODS OF WELL CONSTRUCTION
The operations involved in well construction are drilling,
installing the casing, placing a well screen and filter pack, and
developing the well to ensure maximum sand-free water yield.
Shallow wells, generally less than about 15 m deep, are
constructed by digging, boring, driving or jetting.
– Digging
– Boring
– Driving
– Jetting
– Cable Tool Drilling
– Direct Rotary Drilling
– Reverse Rotary Drilling
CANAL IRRIGATION
Canal - is an open waterway whose purpose is to carry water from
one place to another.
Canal Irrigation - refers to the main waterways supplying water to
the irrigated fields.
Canals can be classified based on its nature or source of
supply:
1) Permanent canals or also known as Perennial canals has a continuous flow
of water throughout the year
2) Inundation Canals only run during rainy weather and season which means
it only supplies water during high stages of river flows
Canals can also be classified based on its functions:
1) Irrigation Canals carries water to the farmer’s field. It serves as a
water supply for the crops.
2) Navigation Canals are canals that function to service water
transport vehicles.
3) Power Canals refers to canals used for hydraulic power generation.
4) Feeder canals feed two or more canals.
PLANNING OF AN IRRIGATION CANAL SYSTEM
The first step in planning an irrigation project is preliminary survey. During
this survey, many factors are observed. Some of the factors are:
• Type of soil
• Topography of the area
• Crops of the area
• Rainfall of the area
• Water table elevation in the area
• Existing irrigation facilities
After the preliminary survey, detailed survey happens right after the
information in the preliminary survey are examined.
REFERENCE:
Textbook:
Irrigation And Water Resources Engineering (G.L. Asawa)
